




l: 

I 

[ 

I 

I 


! 





EASY INTRODUCTION 


TO THE 


STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY, 


ON AN IMPROVED PLAN : 


A 


COMPILED FOR THE tISE OF SCHOOLS, 

With a View to render the Acquisition of Geographical 
Science easy and pleasant to the StudenL ^ 


ACCOMPANIED AN 


-Vi ; 3 


IMPROVED ATLAS, 

Exhibiting the Elevation of MountainSj Length of Rivers, ani!| 

Population of Cities. 


rnOM THE BEST AUTHORITIES. 


BY THOMAS T. SMILEY. 


i » 


TEACHER. 


PHILADELPHIA : 

Printed by Clark & Raser, 33 Carter’s Alley. 

18 ^ 3 . 


? t8\ ^ 



JBasteim Distinct of Pennsylvania^ to nvit: 

BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twenty-ninth day of Juiy, 
in the forty-eighth year of the independence of the United States of 
America, A. D. 1823, Thomas T. Smiley, of the said district, hath 
deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof he claims 
as author, in the words following, to wit : 

“ An Easy Introduction to the Study of Geo^raphyj on an improved 
plan : compiled for the use of Schools, wuth a view to render the 
acquisition of Geographical Science easy and pleasant to the Stu- 
dent. Accompanied by an improved Atlas, exhibiting the eleva- 
tion of Mountains, length of Rivers, and population of Cities,— 
From the best authorities. By Thomas T. Smiley, Teacher.” 

In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, 
intituled, “ An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing 
the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors 
of such copies, during the times therein mentioned”— And also to the 
act, entitled, “ An Act supplementary to an Act, entitled, ‘ An Act 
for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, 
Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies dur- 
ing the times therein mentioned,’ and extenffing the benefits thereof 
to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other 
prints.” 

D. CALDWELL, 

Clerk of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 


) 


RECOMMENDATIONS. . 



The following will show the estimation iu 
which the work is held by those who have ex- 
amined it. 


Having been favoured with a perusal of ‘‘ An Easy 
Introduction to the Study of Geography,,” by Mr. Tho- 
mas T. Smiley, and an examination of the accompanying 
Atlas, 1 hesitate not to believe that the desideratum so 
long had in view will be obtained in the use of them. 

The charaoteristic representation of the generic clas- 
sification of the most important features of the science, 
cannot fail to be productive of the highest utility; — the 
excellence of the interrogative mode of instruction is now 
universally admitted; — and the superior attention the 
author has given to that highly interesting and important 
section of our country, the West Indies, must give the 
work a decided superiority over every other manual on 
,the subject. 

PARDON DAVIS. 
Select Didactic Seminaryf Philadelphia, 


Philadelphia, July 25, 1823. 
Sill, — ^1 have perused your “ Easy Introduction to the 
Study of Geography,** and am highly pleased witli it. 
The part relating to the West Indies will, no doubt, be 


RECOMMENDATIONS. 



very acceptable to the public, and peculiarly so to In- 
structers. Your Atlas is, in my opinion, decidedly bet- 
ter, in many respects, than any other School Atlas which 
I have seen. 

The best evidence which I can give you of my favour^ 
able opinion of your work, is the assurance that I shall 
immediately adopt it for an introductory book in my 
seminary. 

Respectfully, yours, &c. 

I. IRVINE HITCHCOCK. 

j\Ir. Thomas T, Smiley. 

Philadelphia^ July 25, 182o. 

Sir, — From a cursory examination of your School 
Geography, I am much pleased with its ai;rangement, as 
well as the matter it contains. That part which treats of 
the recent improvements and subdivisions of the western 
section of our own country, cannot fail to render it ac- 
ceptable to the inquiring minds of youth. I am gratified 
to find that it contains a more full and particular topo- 
graphical description of the islands of the West Indies 
than has yet been offered to schools in works of a similar 
kind. Those islands have an important commercial re- 
lation with the United States, and their extent and situa- 
tions should be well known. The Atlas with which the 
book is accompanied, appears to be the production of 
much care and research. I shall adopt your work in pre- 
ference to any other on the same subject. 

Respectfully, 
CHARLES MEAD 


T, T. Sfnilhy, 


PREFACE. 


When a new work is introduced to the no 
tice of the Public, it becomes the duty of the 
Author to point out what he conceives to be 
the peculiar advantages which his production 
possesses over others on the same subject. 
This ‘^Easy Introduction” is believed to pos- 
sess a superiority over other elementary works 
which have preceded it, in two particulars — 
correctness in the relation of facts, and an im- 
proved arrangement, better calculated to faci- 
litate the progress of the student. 

The extreme inaccuracy of the majority of 
elementary works, renders them rather cal- 
culated to mislead than instruct, and has just- 
ly been a subject of complaint among the most 


n 


PREFACE. 


intelligent and respectable teachers. The few 
which possess something like tolerable accu- 
racy in the relation of facts, do not appear to 
be adapted with a careful attention to the ca- 
pacities of youth, or arranged with a view to 
direct the attention of the learner sufficiently 
to the maps, without a diligent examination of 
which, it may be confidently affirmed, no ade- 
quate idea of the situation of places can be ob- 
tained. 

In labouring to render it as correct as pos- 
sible, reference has been made to the latest 
and most reputable authorities ; and the Au- 
thor flatters himself that no important state- 
ment of facts will be found unsupported by 
them. 

The Author has to express his obligations 
to that indefatigable and accomplished geo- 
grapher, Mr. William Darby, for valuable in- 
formation rendered by that gentleman, and 
likewise for important assistance in the im- 


PREFACK, 


m 


provemeiit of the maps ; so that the Atlas 
which accompanies this work, it is believed, 
will be found more worthy of confidence, than 
any other for the use of schools, which has 
heretofore been presented to the public. 

Considering it important that the United 
States should be represented on a scale as large 
as possible, the map has been projected on a 
whole sheet; so that every part of tlie United 
States, including the territories, has been re- 
presented, extending from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific, and far enough to tlie north and south 
to show the contiguous portions of the neigh- 
bouring countries. The information collected 
from Major Long^s Expedition to tlie Rocky 
Mountains has been made use of in correcting 
the map of that country. 

The addition to the Atlas of a correct map 
of the West Indies, and tlie corresponding de- 
gree of attention paid to the selection of va- 
luable information for the article on that hi- 


IV 


PREFACE. 


therto almost neglected but very important 
section of America, cannot fail, it is presumed, 
to be highly useful and interesting. 

An attempt has been made, and it is be^ 
Heved not without some considerable degree 
of success, in the articles on Italy, Germany, 
Austrian Dominions, East Indies, and others, 
to render the information respecting those 
countries much more clear and explicit than 
has heretofore been done. 

The articles on Zones, Climates, Varieties 
of the Human Race, Religions, and Govern- 
ments, contain valuable information, and will 
not be considered unimportant or misplaced. 

The Tables of Mountains, Rivers and Ci- 
ties, arranged in classes, with their respective 
elevation, length and population annexed, and 
numbered on the maps to correspond with the 
classification in the book, will enable the stu- 
dent with little labour to recollect, with suffi- 
cient accuracy for general purposes, all the 


PREFACE, 


V 


necessary particulars in relation to each of 
them ; and when very great exactness is con- 
sidered requisite, the table itself may he re- 
sorted to for more precise information. 

It is the opinion of the author, in which he 
is supported by his own experience, as well 
as that of the most successful teachers, that 
the most efBcient method of imparting instruc- 
tion, producing a thorough understanding of 
the subject, and fixing a knowledge of facts 
indelibly on the memory, is for the instructer 
not merely to give explanations on any sci- 
ence, but likewise frequently to propose que- 
ries, to be answered by the pupil in his own 
language. On this principle has been found- 
ed the introduction of Questions immediately 
succeeding each section, not only on the mat- 
ter contained in the book, but also such as will 
serve to call the attention to the situation and 
relative position of all the most important 
places marked on the maps. 


VI 


PREFACE. 


The capital of a country or state, the Author 
conceives, should be understood to mean, tlie 
principal city or town; yet many geograplii- 
cal works have denominated the seats of go- 
vernment of the different states capitals. With 
respect to foreign countries, little difficulty 
cmdd arise, as the largest and most populous 
city has usually for that very reason been se- 
lected as a residence by their profligate and 
voluptuous rulers. But as it respects the 
United States, the statement is not only cal- 
culated to mislead, but is manifestly absurd, 
very few of the seats of government having 
any pretension to the title of capital, most of 
them having been selected for that purpose 
merelv on account of their central situation, 
in other respects being comparatively unim- 
portant. For this reason, seats of government 
have been noticed as such, and the term capi- 
tal applied only to the most populous city or 
town. 


PREFACE, 


VII 


Throughout the whole, a clear and short, 
but explicit manner of relating facts, has been 
kept constantly in view, and the use of such 
phrases and modes of expression as appeared 
to be above the capacities of youth has been 
carefully avoided. 

It has been usual in most treatises of this 
nature, to commence with an article on Astro- 
nomy. This, in the present instance, has been 
purposely avoided, because the introduction of 
it appears to be premature in relation to the 
study of the elementary parts of geography^ 
and it is likewise believed, that the object will 
he more successfully accomplished by a refer- 
ence to some work which treats exclusivelv of 

♦ 

that science. 

In conclusion, the author submits the work 
to the judgment of those engaged in the same 
avocation with himself, — the arduous but ho- 
nourable and important occupation of impart- 
ing instruction to youth, — inviting a compari- 


VIU PREFACE. 

son of it willi other elementary works on the 
same subject, as the best method of dccidii],^' 
on its claims to public patronage. 

Thomas T. Smilet, 

29 Church Mcih 


Philadelphia, August, 1823, 


CONTENTS. 



Preface 



PAOE 

« 

- I 

Of the Earth in General 

- 


- 13 

Explanations necessary to the Use of Maps 

14 

Of the Zones - 


- 

- 17 

Of Climates 


m 

20 

Of Day and Night - - - 


m 

. 23 

Varieties of the Human Race - 


w 

24 

Religions 


•0 

- 26 

Government 


«> 

27 

Definition of Geographical Terms 



- 28 

Classification 


- 

31 

The Western Continent - 



- 32 

North America, including Greenland 


- 

33 

United States - 



. 35 

Maine 



40 

New Hampshire - - - - 


- 

- 42 

Vermont 


- 

43 

Massachusetts - 



" 45 

Rhode Island 


- 

47 

Connecticut - 


«• 

- 49 

New York - - - - . 


m 

50 

New Jersey 

- 


- 53 

Pennsylvania - - - - - 


m 

55 

Ohio 



. 57 

Indiana 



60 

Illinois 



. 61 

Michigan Territory - • - 


- 

62 

North-western TeiTitory 

- 

m 

- 64 

Delaware 


m 

66 

Maryland - * - - - 


m 

- 68 


X 


UOM 


TAGS 

District of Columbia - - - - - 70 

Virginia - i - 71 

Kentucky 74 

Tennessee 76 

North Carolina 78 

South Carolina 80 

Georgia 82 

Alabama 84 

Mississippi 86 

Florida ^--88 

Louisiana 90 

Arkansaw Territory 92 

IMlSSOUri » » ■ m m m 94 

Missouri Territory - 95 

Independent Indian Tribes in the United States 97 

British Possessions 98 

Canada - ib. 

New Bmnswick - ^ - - - - -100 

Nova Scotia ----- . - 101 

New Britain ------- 102 

British North-western Territory - - - 103 

Russian Possessions ------ 104 

Danish America 105 

Mexico - - 106 

Guatimala 109 

AVest Indies - - 111 

South America ------ 122 

Republic of Colombia - - - - - 124 

Guiana 126 

Brazil - - 128 

Peru 130 

Chili - - - - 132 

United Provinces of La Plata - - * - 133 

Patagonia 135 

Table of American Mountains, Rivers, and Cities 136 
Easterjt Coxtixent ------ 140 

Europe - -- -- -- - ib. 

United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland - 141 
England ------- - 142 


UON'rE’NTTS, 

\ f 


xt 


>SCT)tI<ln<i “• - - m m m V. 

Ireland - 
France 

i^paiil 

Portugal - “ 

Italy m-mmrnmmmm 

Turkey in Europe 

Ionian Republic - 

Austrian Dominions 

Switzerland 

Germany - - 

Kingdom of the Netherlands - 
Denmark 

Prussian Dominions ------ 

Poland 

Sweden -------- 

Norway ------- 

Russia in Europe 

Table of European Mountains, Rivers, and Cities 
Asia ------- 

Asiatic Russia 

Turkey in Asia 

Arabia ------- 

Independent Tartary 

Persia ------- 

Chinese Empire 

China Proper 

Chinese Tartary 

Thibet 

India - -- -- -- - 

Ilindostan, or Hither India - 

Thither India ------ 

Japan ------- 

Asiatic Islands ------ 

Oriental Archipelago 

Austral Asia 

Polynesia ------- 

I'able of Asiatic Mountains, Rivers, and Cities 
Africa 


PAGE 

143 

145 

147 

150 

152 

154 

159 

160 
162 
164 
166 

169 

170 

172 

173 
175 

177 

178 
180 
185 
187 
189 
191 

193 

194 
196 

ib. 

198 

200 

201 

202 

205 

206 
208 

ib. 

210 

211 

212 

215 


XU CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Northern Africa - - - - - - 216 

Barbary 2ir 

Egypt 219 

Eastern Africa 220 

Nubia - - ib. 

Abyssinia 221 

Ajan, Adel, and Zanguebar - - - - 223 

Southern Africa 224 

Country of the Hottentots and Caffres - - ib. 

Western Africa 225 

Senegambia 226 

Upper Guinea - 227 

Lower Guinea ib. 

Interior Africa - 228 

African Islands 229 

Table of African Mountains, Rivers, and Cities 232 

Table of the principal Places in the World - 234 


AN 


EASY INTRODUCTION 

TO TUE 

I 

STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


Geography is a description of the Earth, 

OF THE EARTH IN GENERAL. 

The earth is a large globe or sphere, which is 
about eight thousand miles in diameter, conse- 
quently its circumference is nearly twenty-five 
thousand miles. 

The whole surface of the globe contains about 
200 millions of square miles. 

Nearly one-fourth part of the surface of the 
globe is land, the rest water. 

There are two great divisions of land, name- 
ly, the Eastern and Western Continents. 

There are five great divisions of water, name- 
ly, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Northern and 
Southern Oceans. 


14 


AK EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


The number of inhabitants now existing on 
the globe, is estimated at eight hundred millions. 

(luestions* 

What is Geography ? 

W’hat is the earth and what is its size ? 

What number of square miles does the surface of the 
eartli contain ? 

What portion of the earth’s surface is land ? 

Name the two great divisions of land. 

What number of people are on the globe? 

Name the five great divisions of water. 

Questions on the Map of the World. 

What ocean is situated between Asia and America r 
Where is the Indian Ocean situated ? 

W’hat ocean has America on one side, and Europe ^nd 
Africa on the other ? 

What sea separates Europe and Africa ? 


explanations 

J\'*ecessary to the Use of Maps. 

The surface of the earth is most correcOj 
represented by an artificial globe. 

A map is a picture, or representation, of the 
whole or a part of the surface of the earth, and 
may be delineated on any plane or sphere. 

The top of a map is the north part, the bottom 
south, the right hand east, and the left hand 
west. 

‘The Axis of the earth is an imaginary line, 
conceived to pass through its centre, one extre- 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 10 

Tnlty of which is called the North or Arctic, and 
the other the South or Antarctic, pole. 

The Equator is an imaginary line passing 
round the middle of the earth, situated at an 
equal distance from the two poles and dividing 
it into two equal parts, called Hemispheres. 

The Ecliptic is a line which passes round the 
earth, and intersects the equator in two opposite 
points, called the Equinoxes, and extends in two 
opposite points to the tropics. 

Meridians are lines which intersect the Equa- 
tor, and pass through both poles. 

Parallels of latitude are lines which pass round 
the globe parallel to the Equator. 

The Tropics are circles passing round the 
earth, parallel to the Equator, 23^ degrees from 
it. The circle north of the Equator, is called 
the Tropic of Cancer. The circle south of the 
Equator the tropic of Capricorn. 

The Polar circles pass round the earth 23J 
degrees from each of the poles. That north of 
the Equator is called the Arctic, that on the 
south the Antarctic circle. 

The line which bounds the sight on all sides 
ivhere the earth and sky appear to meet is called 
tlie Horizon. 

The four principal points of the Horizon, 
north, south, east and w^est, are called Cardinal 
Points. 

All circles on the globe are divided into 360 
equal parts, called degrees (marked ^), every 
degree into 60 minutes (marked or geographic 
cal miles. 


IG AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 

Latitude is the distance of a place north or 
south of the Equator, and cannot exceed 90 de- 
grees. Latitude is marked by numbers on the 
sides of maps. 

If the figures which denote the latitude in- 
crease from the bottom towards the top of the 
map, the country which the map represents lies 
north of the Equator. 

But if the figures denoting the latitude in- 
crease from the top of the map towards the bot- 
tom, the country which the map represents lies 
south of the Equator. 

Meridian or Longitude is the distance of a 
place east or west of another place. 

Longitude is marked by numbers which are 
placed at the top and bottom of maps, but if the 
map represents a portion of the earth through 
which the equator passes, the meridians are 
generally marked on the equator. 

If the figures denoting the liongitude increase 
from the right to the left, the Longitude is west ; 
if from the left to the right, the Longitude is 
east. 

Questions. 

How is the surface of the Earth represented most cor 
rectly ? 

What is a Map ? 

What part of a map is nortli, south, east and westr 

"What is the Axis of the earth, and what are the two 
extremities of tliis Axis called? 

What is the Equator, and iiow is it situated with re- 
spect to the two poles ? 

What is the Ecliptic ? 


THE STUDY OF OEOGRAPHY. 


17 


What are Meridians 

What are Parallels of Latitude ? 

What are the Tropics ? Which is called the Tropic 
of Cancer and which the Tropic of Capricorn? 

What are the Polar circles? 

Which of the Polar cir^es is called the Arctic and 
whicli the Antarctic circle ? 

What is the Horizon ? 

Which are the four principal points of the Horizon, 
and what are they called ? 

How many degrees are in a Circle, and how is each 
<iegree divided ? 

W1iat is Latitude ? 

How is Latitude marked on maps? 

How are you able to determine that a country repre- 
sented on a map is north of the Equator? 

How do you know that a country represented on a 
map is south of the Equator ? 

What is the Meridian or Longi tude of a place ? 

How are Meridians marked on mr.ps ? 

ilow do you know when the Longitude of a place is 
west ? 

How do you know when the Longitude is east? 


OF THE ZONES. 

There are five Zones; one torrid, two tempe.^ 
rate, and two frigid. 

The space of the earth^s surface, on both sides 
of the Equator between the tropic of Cancer and 
the tropic of Capricorn is called the torrid or 
burning zone, because the weather is always 
very warm. 

In countries situated in the torrid rone, it rains 
almost constantly six months in the year, which 

B 2 


18 AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 

is called the rainy season, or winter: during tlic 
other six months, it seldom rains, which is call- 
ed the dry season, or summer, and there is no 
spring or autumn. 

In the torrid zone the forests are clothed with 
perpetual green, and some trees grow to a larger 
size than those of other parts of the globe. 

The most remarkable vegetable productions 
of the torrid zone, are colfee, tea, the sugar cane, 
bread-fruit, oranges, spices, and gums. 

The most remarkable animals found in the 
torrid zone are the elephant, rhinoceros, lion, 
tiger, camel, crocodile, ostrich, and serpents, 
and insects of a monstrous size, many kinds of 
which are very venomous. 

Nations which inhabit the torrid zone are re- 
markable for the blackness of their skins and 
their want of vigour both of body and mind. 

Questions, 

How many zones are there ? 

What part of the earth^s surface is called the torrid 
zone, and why is that name given to it ? 

What seasons have countries situated in the toiTid 
zone ? 

What is said of the forests of this zone ? 

What arc the most remarkable vegetable produc 
tions ? 

What are the most remarkable animals of the torrid 
zone ? 

For what are tlie inhabitants of the torrid zone r«- 
markable ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOORArHV* 


19 


Temperate Zones. 

The spaces on the earth’s surface between the 
tropics and polar circles are called the tempe- 
rate zones, on account of the mildness of the 
climate, which is neither very warm, nor very 
cold. 

The temperate zones have four seasons ; 
spring, summer, autumn, and winter. 

The principal vegetable productions of the 
temperate zones are grains of different kinds, 
cotton, vines, oranges, apples, pears, nuts, and 
a great variety of plants. 

There are few animals or reptiles in those re- 
gions which are dangerous to the welfare of man, 
but they abound with animals which are useful 
for food or labour. 

Nations inhabiting the temperate zones are 
white or have fair complexions, and are distin- 
guished for industry and knowledge. 

Questions. 

On what part of the earth’s surface are the temperate 
7ones, and why is that name given to them ? 

How many seasons have they P 

What are the principal vegetable productions ? 

AVhat animals are found in the temperate zones P 

AVhat is the colour of the inhabitants, and for what are 
they distinguished ? 

Frigid Zones. 

Those portions of the earth’s surface situated 
between the polar circles and the poles, have re- 


:>0 


AN EASY INTRODUOTION TO 


ceivecl the name of frigid or frozen zones. They 
are called frigid zones because the cold prevails 
to such a degree, that nearly the whole of these 
zones is covered with perpetual snow, and so 
cold, that only a small part -of them near the 
polar circles is habitable. 

The few inhabitants who live in these zones 
are diminutive in size, being seldom more than 
four feet high, have chirk complexions, and pos- 
sess little understanding or knowledge. 

The animals are the bear, reindeer, and a few 
others which are able to endure the rigour of 
the climate. 

Most animals and birds of the frigid zones are 
white. 

In the frigid zones there are no trees and no 
kinds of vegetables excej)ting moss. 

The seasons in the frigid zones are a very 
long and intensely cold w inter, and a very sliort, 
but warm summer, and no spring or autumn. 

i^iiestions. 

On what part of the earth’s surface Are the frigid zones,* 

M'hy are they so called? 

AVhat is said of the inhabitants of the frigid zones ? 

What animals are there in these zones, and wliat is 
jheir colour ? 

Are there any trees or vegetables ? 

'What are the seasons of the frigid zones ? 


OF CLIMATES. 

A climate is a space on the earth’s surface, 
measured from the equator towards the poles. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 21 

ill each of which the longest day is half an hour 
longer, but from the polar circles to the poles, 
they are measured by the increase of a month.^ 


* The following table of climates will be found useful 
for reference, or may be committed to memory. 


Climate. 

Ends in Lat. 

Longest day 

1 

8° 34' 

12 i houi’S. 

o 

16° 44' 

13 

3 

24° 12' 

13i 

4 

30° 48' 

14 

5 

36° 31 

14^ 

6 

41° 24' 

15 

7 

45° 32' 

154 

8 

49° 02' 

16* 

9 

51° 59' 

164 

10 

54° 30' 

17* 

11 

56° 38' 

17h 

12 

58° 27' 

18 

13 

59° 59' 

18i 

14 

61° 18' 

19 

15 

62° 26' 

19J 

16 

63° 22' 

20 

17 

64° 10' 

20J 

18 

64° 50' 

21 

19 

65° 22' 

21i 

20 

65° 48' 

22 

21 

66° 05' 

22i 

22 

66° 21' 

23 

23 

66° 29' 

23J 

24 

66° 32' 

24 

25 

67° 18' 

1 month. 

26 

69° 33' 

2 

27 

73° 05' 

3 

28 

77° 40' 

4 

29 

82° 59' 

5 

30 

90^^ (the poles) 6 


"22 AN EASY IxVTRODUCTION TO 

t 

The heat of the air or atmosphere, is greatest 
on that portion of the earth’s surface which lies 
between the tropics. 

The heat decreases, and cold increases, as you 
advance from the equator towards the poles. 

Countries situated between the tropics of 
Cancer and Capricorn, have very hot climates. 

Those countries which lie between the tropics 
and 35° of latitude have warm climates. 

Countries between 35° and 45° have gene- 
rally the most healthy and agreeable climates^ 
without a great excess of cold or heat. 

Those countries which lie between 45° and 
the polar circles have cold climates. 

Countries between the polar circles and the 
poles, have very cold climates, and are covered 
with snow throughout the year. 

The cold increases as we rise above the level 
of the sea, ami from this cause the elevated and 
mountainous parts of the earth are always cold^ 
though situated in hot climates. 

Mountains which are three miles in height, 
are covered with perpetual snow, even under the 
equator. 

In latitude 45° the region of perpetual snow 
commences at the height of a mile and a half. 

The heat of the ocean in warm climates is not 
so great as the heat of the land, and for this 
reason, islands in warm climates are cooler than 
continents in the same latitude. 

The heat of the ocean in cold climates is 
greater than that of the land ; therefor^ islands 


THE STUDY OF GEOUKArili. 


and countries near the ocean in cold climates^ 
are warmer than continents in the same latitude. 

Questions. 

On what part of the earth’s surface is the heat of the 
atmosphere the greatest ? 

What variation of climate do you observe as you ad- 
vance from the equator towards the poles ? 

What is the climate of countries between the tropics of 
Cancer and Capricorn ? 

What climates have countries between the tropics and 
S5° of latitude ? 

What is Said of the climate between 35° and 45° of 
latitude ? 

What is the climate of countries between 45° of iat. 
and the polar circles ? 

What is said of the climate between the polar circles 
and the poles ? 

Wliy are elevated and mountainous piu’ts of the earth 
always cool ? 

What is the height at which the mountains are covered' 
with perpetual snow under the equator ? 

At what height does the region of perpetual snow 
commence in latitude 45° ? 

Why are islands in warm climates cooler than the con- 
tinents in the same latitude ? 

Why are islands in cold climate's warmer than conti 
iients in the same latitude ? 


OF DAY AND NIGHT. 

At all places under the Equator, the days and 
nights never differ in length, and are always each 
twelve hours long. 

As we advance from the Equator towards the 
poles, the length of the days differs every day in 


S4 AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 

the year, and is sometimes more and sometimes 
less than twelve hours. 

On the 20th of March and 23d of September 
the days and nights are equal in all parts of the 
world, because at those times the sun passes the 
Equator. 

Between the 20th of March and 23d of Sep- 
tember, at all places north df the Equator, the 
days are more and nights less than 12 hours; 
and at the same time, at all places south of the 
Equator, the days are less and nights more than 
12 hours. 

The longest day at all places on the north, is 
the shortest day at all places on the south, of the 
Equator. 

Questions. 

Where are the days and nights always of the same 
length and 12 hours long ? 

Are the days between the Equator and the poles al« 
ways of the same length ? 

On what days are the days and nights equal in all parts 
of the world ? 

When are the days more and nights less than 12 hours, 
at all places north of the Equator ? 

Has the same day the same length on the north, which 
it has on the south of the Equator ? 


VARIETIES OF THE HUMAN RACE. 

The earth is inhabited by about 800 millions 
of human beings, which are divided into six va- 
rieties. 

The first variety is found in the Polar re 
gions. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


c> -C 

rhe inhabitants of the Polar regions are sel- 
dom more than four feet high, have dark com- 
plexions, large broad faces, short flat noses, and 
eyes of a yellowish brown. 

The second variety is the Tartar race. 

The Tartars have olive complexions, the upper 
part of their faces very broad, high cheek bones, 
short flat noses, little eyes, long chins, and teeth 
of an enormous size. 

The Tartar race extends over nearly the whole 

^ %/ 

of the eastern part of Asia. 

The Malay race is the third variety, and is 
found in Malacca, and some of the adjacent 
islands. 

The Malays have dark brown complexions, 
their hair black and curled, with broad mouths 
and noses. 

The Negro or black race, forms the fourth va- 
riety, and is found in Africa and Austral Asia. 

The Negroes have black complexions, short 
curled hair, with thick lips and flat noses. 

The American Indians form the fifth variety. 

The Indians have complexions of a deep cop- 
per colour, with high cheek bones, flat noses, 
small eyes, and black straight hair. 

The sixth variety in the human spe/cies is the 
European or white race. 

The European race in temperate climates 
has fair complexions, but in warm climates they 
are of a swarthy colour. 

The European race has regular features, and 
i> found chiefly in Europe, the northern part of 

c 


EASY IN'rilODUCTION TO 


Africa, and western parts of Asia, and in Arne 
rica. ' » 

Oiliest ions. 

How many human being's exist on the globe, and into 

wliat number of varieties are they divided ? 

•> 

Arhere is the first variety found? 

Describe the inhabitants of the Polar regions, 

AVhich is the second variety of the human race? 
Describe the Tartar race. 

AVhere is the Tartar race found ? 

AVhich is the third variety, and tell where it is found : 
Describe the Malay race. 

Where is the fourth or black race found? 

Describe the Negro race. 

Wdiich is the fiftli variety? 

'Describe tlie American Indian. 

"W liich is the sixth variety ? 

Describe the European or white race, and tell where 
tViey are found. 


RELIGIONS. 

The inhabitants of the earth profess four 
kinds of religion: Paganism, Mahometanism,' 
Judaism, and Christianity. 

Pagans are those wlio believe iii a plurality 
of gods, and worship idols. 

The Mahometans are followers of Mahomet, 
a pretended prophet, who lived in Arabia 622 
years after Christ. 

The Jews were the ancient inhabitants of 
Judea, but are now scattered among every na- 
tion on the earth. 

The Jews believe in the Old Testament, but 
not in the New: they consider Christ as an im - 
lyostor, but expect a Messiah yet to come. 


rHE STUDY OF GEOGRAPllV. 


Christians are the followers of Christ. 

There are three great divisions of Christians : 
Roman Catholics, Greek Christians, and Pro- 
testants., 

Catholics obey the Pope, whom they believe 
to have received his office by continued succes- 
sion from the Apostle Peter to the present time. 
Catholics worship before images. 

The Greek Christians resemble the Catho- 
lics, but do not acknowledge the authority of the 
Pope. 

Protestants disclaim the jurisdiction of the 
Pope, and take the Bible only for their guide in 
religious matters. 

Protestants are divided into a great number 
of sects; among which are Episcopalians, Lu- 
therans, Presbyterians, Baptists, Quakers, &c. 

Questions. 

"What religions do the inhabitants of th^ earth profess ? 

Describe Pagajis. 

AVho are the Maliometans ? 

AVliat is said of the Jew s ? 

In what do the Jews believe ? 

TTho are the Christians P 

Which are the three pi'incipal divisions of Christiaus ? 

What is said of the Catholics ? 

Do the Greek Christians resemble tlie Catholics? 

What is said of Protestants ? 

Which are the princij)al sects among Protestants ? 


GOVERNMENT. 

There are three kinds of Government insti- 
tuted among mankind: Monarchy, Aristocracy, 
and Democracy. 


28 


AK EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


In an absolute Monarchy, the will of the 
Monarch is the law; as in Russia, and Turkey. 

An Aristocracy, is a government which is ex- 
ercised by a few persons ; but in which the 
great body of the people have no voice. 

A democracy or Republican Government, is 
that in which the people choose their own rulers; 
as in the United States. 

Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy, are 
sometimes found combined in the same govern- 
ment, and it is then called a limited Monarchy ; 
as that of Great Britain. 

Savage and barbarous tribes are governed by 
petty monarchs or chiefs. 

(Questions. 

What three kinds of government prevail among man- 
kind ? 

What is an absolute Monarchy ? 

What kind of government is an Aristocracy ? 

Describe a Democracy or Republican government. 

When the three forms of goverment are combined, by 
what name is the government called ? 

How are savage tribes usually governed ? 


DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHICAL 

TERMS. 

Isf. Of those applied to Land, 

A Continent is a large body of land surround- 
ed but not divided by Oceans or Seas. 

There are only two continents, the Eastern 
and Western, 


TH*E STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY, Sfy 

An Island is a smaller portion of land entirely 
surrounded by water; as Great Britain, Cuba. 

A Cape is the extremity of a point of land ex- 
tending into the Sea. 

When a cape is considerably elevated above 
the level of the sea it is called a Promontory. 

A Peninsula is a portion of land surrounded 
by water, excepting a narrow strip which joins 
it to some other larger portion of land ; as Nova 
Scotia, 

An Isthmus is a narrow neck of land, con- 
necting two more extensive divisions ; as the 
Isthmus of Darien. 

A Mountain is elevated land throughout a 
country ; as the Andes. 

Those mountains whidi emit smoke and flames 
are called volcanoes or volcanic mountains. 

2d, Of those applied to Water, 

An Ocean is an immense collection of water. 

A Sea is a collection of water less than an 
■Ocean, but communicating with it ; as tiie Baltic. 

Bays and Gulfs are parts of the Ocean run- 
ning up into the land ; as Hudson’s Bay, Gulf of 
Mexico. 

A Strait is a narrow passage of water con- 
necting two more extensive divisions ; as the 
Straits of Gibraltar. 

A Sound is a Strait so shallow that the 
depth of it may be sounded or measured by a 
lead and line ; as Long Island Sound. 

A Lake is a large collection of water, gene 
tally fresh, in the interior parts of a country. 


30 


AN EASY INinODVCTION TO 


the waters of which for the most part are dis 
charged into an ocean or sea by a river which 
flows out of it, 

A River is a stream of water running from 
Springs or from Lakes, and discharging into the 
Ocean; as the Mississippi, St. Lawrence. 

Creeks and Rivulets are small rivers. 

A stream of water falling over a precipice is 
called a Cataract; as the Cataract of Niagara. 

An Archipelago is a part of an Ocean or Sea^ 
in which a great number of Islands are inter- 
spersed. 

Harbours and Roads are small Bays, wliere 
ships may lie at anchor in safety. 

Questions. 

what is a Continent? 

How many Continents are there, and by what names 
are they distinguished ? 

What is an Island ? 

AVhat is a Cape ? 

Describe a Promontory. 

What is a Peninsula? 

What is an Isthmus r 

What is a Mountain ? 

Describe a Volcano. 

Wdiat is an Ocean ? 

What is a Sea? 

What are Bays, and Gulfs : 

Describe a Strait. 

What is a Sound? 

Describe a Lake. 

What is a River ? 

Wdiat are Creeks and Rivulets ? 

What is a stream of water falling over a precipice 
called ? 


J'ilE STUDY Oi? GEOGRAPHY. 


31 


Describe an Archipelago. 

What are Harbours and Roads ? 


CLASSIFICATION. 

In this work, Mountains, Rivers, and Cities, 
are divided into six classes, and are numbered 
on the Maps to correspond. 


MOUNTAINS. 

Classes. 

1st. Alountains 5 miles and upwards, as the Ilimuleh. 

4 and 5 miles, as Chimborazo. 

as Pococatapetl. 
as the Peak of Teneriffe. 
as Mount Heckla. 
as the Green Mountains. 


2d, between 
3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

6th. 


0 and 4 
2 and 3 

1 and 2 
4 and I 


RIVERS. 

Classes. 

1st. All rivers 2000 miles and upwards in length, as tlie 
Amazon. 

2d. between 1000 and 2000 miles, as the Orinoco. 

3d. 500 and 1000 as the Rhine. 

4th, 300 and 500 as the Connecticut. 

.5th. 200 and 300 as the Delaware. 


6th. 


100 and 200 


as the Schuvlkill, 


CITIES. 

Classes. 

1st. All Cities with a population of 500,000 and upwards, 

as London, Paris. 

2d. between 200,000 and 500,000 as Madrid, Naples. 

3d. 100,000 and 200,000 as New York. 

4th. 50,000 and 100,000 as Baltimore, Havana. 

5th. 25,000 and 50,000 as Boston. 

6th. 10,000 and 25,000 as Quebec, Vera Cruz. 

Large towns, betw’een 5000 and 10.000. 

Small tow’ns, less than 5000. 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


(luestions. 

Into what number of classes are mountains, rivers ana 
cities divided ? 

What is the height of mountains of tiie 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 
5th and 6tli class ? 

What is tile length of rivers belonging to the 1st, 2d, 
3d, 4th, 5th and 6th class P 

What is the population of cities of the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4tl\, 
5th and 6th class ? 

What is the population of large and small towns? 


THE WESTERN CONTINENT. 

The divisions of the western continent are 
North and South America, and Greenland. 

This continent was discovered in the year 
1492, by Christopher Columbus, a native of 
Genoa, in the service of Spain. 

This continent is distinguished for the extent 
and height of its mountains, the length of its 
rivers, the number and magnitude of its lakes, 
and for the cjuantities of the precious metals 
which it produces. 

At the time Columbus discovered America, it 
was inhabited only by the Indians, who are still 
in possession of the greater part of the contiuenr. 
although the whole of it is now claimed by civi- 
lized nations. 

The climate of America is much colder than 
that of the eastern continent in the same lati 
tude. 

The principal islands belonging to the wes- 


THE STUEY 0 ¥ OEOGIlArilY. So 

tern continent, are those known by the name 
of the West Indies. 

The West Indies lie between North and South 
America, on the eastern side of the continent, be- 
tween 15° and 25° of north latitude, and to the 
westward of the sixtieth degree of west longi- 
tude. 

Square miles of the western continent, 14 
millions. Population, 40 millions. 

Questions. 

What does the western Continent include ? 

AVhen was America discovered, and by whom ? 

What ocean lies on the east and which on the west of 
tliis continent ? 

For what is the western Continent distinguished ? 

Who were the inhabitants of America when discovered 
by Columbus ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Which are the principal Islands belonging to the west- 
ern Continent ? 

How are the West Indies situated ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles and popular 
tion of the western Continent? 


NORTH AMERICA, 

INCLUDING GBELNLAND, 

Is bounded north by the Nortbern Ocean, east 
by the Atlantic, south by the Isthmus of Darien, 
and west by the Pacific Ocean. 

The Isthmus of Darien, which connects North 
and South America in the narrowest part, is onl y 
15 miles broad 


34 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


The principal mountains of North Americas 
are the Alleghany, Rocky, and Masserne or 
Ozai’k mountains. 

The principal rivers are the Mississippi, Mis- 
souri, St. Lawrence, Rio Bravo, and Columbia. 

The principal lakes are Superior, Huron, Mi- 
chigan, Erie, Ontario, Winnepeg, and Slave 
lake. 

These lakes are remarkable for their size, and 
for the clearness of their waters. 

Lake Superior is the largest collection of fresh 
water on the globe. 

The principal gulfs are those of Mexico, St. 
Lawrence, and California. 

The principal bays are Hudson’s and Baffin’s. 

The principal straits connected with North 
America, are Behring’s, Hudson’s, Davis’, and 
the strait of Belleisle. 

The most noted capes are Capes Farewell, 
Sable, Cod, and St. Lucas. 

A current, called the Gulf Stream, issues from 
the Gulf of Mexico, and runs along the eastern 
coast to Newfoundland, where it is met by ano- 
ther current from Baffin’s Bay, and both become 
lost in the Atlantic Ocean. 

The divisions of North America are the 
United States, Mexico, Guatimala, the British 
and Russian possessions, and Greenland, which 
belongs to Denmark. 

Length 5,200 miles, medium breadth 2,450: 
square miles, 8 millions. Population, 20 mil- 
lions. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY, 


35 


(Questions. 

How is North America bounded? 

What is the breadth of the Isthmus of Darien, and what 
does it connect ? 

Which are the principal mountains in North America ? 
Which are the principal rivers ? 

Which are the principal lakes ? 

For what are the lakes of North America remarkable ? 
Which are the principal g’ulfs in North America ? 
Which are the principal bays ? 

■\Vhich are the principal straits connected with North 
America ? 

Whicli are the most noted capes ? 

What is said of the current called the Gulf Stream ? 
Wliich are the divisions of North America ? 


UNITED STATES. 

Bounded north bj the Britisli and Russian 
Possessions, east bj New Brunswick and the 
Atlantic, south by the Gulf of Mexico and Mex- 
ico, and east by the Pacific Ocean. 

The United States, as it respects their situa- 
tion, may be considered under the following 
general divisions : 

1st. The New England or Eastern States, are 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- 
setts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island : 6 States. 

2. The Middle States, are New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illi- 
nois, with the Michigan and North Western 
Territories: 6 States, 2 Territories. 

3. The Southern States, are Delaware, Mary- 
land, Virginia, District of Columbia, Kentucky, 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


•• ^ 

>U 

North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, 
(Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and the Territory 
of East and West Florida: 10 States, 2 Terri- 
tories. 

4. The Western States, are Louisiana, and 
M issouri, and the Arkansas, and Missouri Ter- 
ritories : 2 States, ^ Territories. 


The climate of that portion of the United States 
whicli lies south of the 30th degree of north lati- 
tude is very warm; snow and frost being un- 
known. 

The productions south of 30 degrees are those 
common to the torrid zone. {See Torrid Zone.) 

Between 30° and 36 the climate is warm, 
and snow is uncommon in the winter. In this 
part of the United States, cotton, rice, and figs, 
and other fruits belonging to warm climates, are 
produced. ♦ 

Between 36^° and 41°, the winters are mild, 
with some snow. In this region, grain, such as 
wheat, rye, and oats, and fine fruits, flourish. 

In the portion of the United States which lies 
north of 41°, the winters are severe and attended 
with much snow. 

This division of the United States produces 
various kinds of grain, and likewise abounds in 
pasturage. 

The principal mountains in the United States, 
are the Alleghany and Rocky. 

The principal rivers are the Mississippi, Mis- 
souri, Red, Arkansas, Ohio, Potomac, Siisque 
hannah, Hudson, and Connecticut. 


rilK STUDY OF GEOGRAPHV^ 


The principal lakes are Superior, Huron, Mi- 
chigan, Erie, and Ontario, 

The principal bays arc Massachusetts, Del a 
ware, and Chesapeake. 

The most noted sounds are Pamlico, Albe 
marie, and Long Island sound. 

The principal capes are Cod, May, Henlopen, 
Charles, Henry, Hatteras, and Sable. 

The United States have been peopled from 
the different nations of Europe, except the Afri- 
can slaves, which are found chiefly in the south- 
ern States. 

The commerce of the United States exceeds 
that of every other nation on the globe. Great 
Britain excepted. 

The United States, then thirteen in number, 
were provinces dependent on Great Britain, 
but declared themselves independent on the 4th 
of July, 1776, and in the year 1788 adopted 
the present form of government. 

The form of government of the United States 
is purely republican, and the constitution ad 
mits of no distinction of rank, except among the 
officers of the army and navy. 

The constitutions of each of the States are- 
similar to that of the United States. 

The executive power is exercised by a Presi- 
dent, who is chosen every four years, by elec- 
tors appointed by the different States, and can- 
not be elected more than three times in suc- 
cession. 

The power of making the laws is exercised 
by Congress, which consists of a Senate and 

D 


58 A.X EASY INTRODUCTION TO 

House of Representatives, and is composed of 
delegates sent by the different states according 
to their population. 

Every forty thousand inhabitants sends one 
representative, and every State tw’o senators to 
Congress. 

The President and Senate ratify all treaties 
with foreign powers, and appoint the officers of 
the army and navy. 

Length 2700 miles, breadth 1650 : square 
miles 2-J millions. Population 10 millions, of 
which more than I J million are slaves. 

Questions (Z7. S,). 

How are the United States bounded? 

Name the New England, or Eastern Statae. 

Name the Middle States. 

Which are the Southern States ? 

Which are the Western States ? 

Describe the climate and productions of that portion 
of the United States which lies south of 30°. 

Describe the climate and productions between 30° 
and 35°. 

What is said of the climate and productions between 
35° and 40° ? 

Wliat is said of the climate and productions north of 
40° ? 

Name the principal ranges of mountains in the United 
States. 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

Which are the principal lakes in the United States ? 

AYhich are the principal bays ? 

Name the most noted sounds. 

Which are the principal capes ? 

From what other portion of the world has the United 
States been peopled ? 

V/h‘at is said of the commerce of th^ United States ' 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY, 39 

To what nation did the colonies which now oomposc 
the United States formerly belong? 

In what rear did the United States declare themselves 
independent, and when did they adopt the present form 
of g'ovcrnment ? 

What is the form of the government of the United 
States ? 

Is the constitution of each of the States similar to that 
of the United States ? 

What power does the President exercise, and how is 
he elected? 

Of what does Congress consist, and what power does 
it exercise ? 

What number of Inhabitants sends a representative to 
Congress, and how many senators does each of the States 
send ? 

AVho ratifies treaties with foreign powers, and appoints 
the officers of the army and nayy ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation, of the United States ? 

^iiesiions on the Map (Z7. S.). 

Through which of the United States does the parallel 
of 40° N. latitude pass ? 

Name those States which extend south of 30° N. lati- 
tude. 

What States and Territories lie west of the Mississippi 
jiver ? 

How far south does East Florida extend ? 

Which of the United States hes farthest east ' 

M'hat States have boundaries on Lake Erie 

AVhat States lie north of 40° north latitude ? 

iletween what States does the Ohio river run? 

Where does the Mississippi empty ? 

What course does the Hudson river run ? 

What State lies south of Lake Ontario ? 

Where does the river Potomac empty ? 

Through what States does the parallel of 35° pass ^ 

Through what States does the Connecticut river flow, 
jfnd where does it empty ? 


40 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Tn wliat State does the river Merrimack rise, and 
tliroiig'h wliat State does it flow? 

M'hat river rises in New York, and forims the boundary 
iietween Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and empties into 
Delaware Bay ? 

AVliat two capes are situated at the entrance of Dela- 
V. are Bav ? 

\Vhcre does the Columbia I'iver rise, and into what 
ocean docs it flow ? 

Begin at Maine, and proceed tow^ards the soutli, 
naming in order such of the United States as are bound 
cd bv the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. 


MAINE. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north bv Lower Ca- 
luida, east by New Brunswick, south by the At- 
lantic, and west by New Hampshire. 

Hirers , — The principal rivers are the St. 
Croix, Penobscot, Kennebeck, St. John’s, An- 
droscoggin, Saco, and Piscataqua. 

^ Bays , — The principal bays are Passainaquod 
dy, Machias, and Penobscot. 

Towns , — The chief towns are Portland, East 
port, Penobscot, Hallowell, Machias, and Bath. 

Portland is the capital and seat of goverru 
ment. 

College , — Bowdoin College is at Brunswick, 
on the Androscoggin. 

Coast , — Maine has upwards of 200 miles of 
sea-coast. 

Soil , — The soil on the sea-coast is barren and 
unproductive, but productive in the interior. 

A large portion of the northern part of this 
State is still a wilderness. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


4,1 


Productions , — The staple productions are 
grain, grasses, and flax; but lumber and fish are 
the principal articles of exportation. 

Maine was originally under the jurisdiction 
of Massachusetts, but was admitted into the 
Union in 1820. 

Length 350 miles, breadth 200 : square miles, 
35,000. Population, 297,839. 

(liiestions. 

How is Maine bounded? 

Which are the princi])al rivers ? 

Wdiich are the principal bays ? 

Name the chief towns. 

AVhat town is the capital and seat of government r 

What extent of sea-coast has the State of Maine? 

Where is Howdoin College ? 

Describe the soil. 

Wdiat is said of the northern part of the State ? 

Which are the staple productions and principal arti- 
cles of exportation ? 

When was IMaine admitted into the Union ? 

'What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion, of the State of Maine ? 

(luestions on the Map [Maine). 

On wliat bay is Eastport? 

Wdiat river forms a ])art of the boundary between 
Maine and New Brunswick ? 

What town is situated on the west side of Kennebeck 
river ? 

Where does the river St. John’s rise, through what 
States does it flow, and into what bay does it empty 

On what river is Penobscot ? 

How is Bath situated ? 

Wdjat course do the rivers in Maine flow.’ 


42 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north by Canada, east 
by Maine and the Atlantic, south by Massachu- 
setts, and west by Vermont. 

Mountains. — The White mountains in this 
State are the highest land in the United States 
east of the Mississippi river. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Con- 
necticut, Merrimack, Saco, and Piscataqua. 

Towns. — The chief towns are Portsmouth, 
the capital. Concord, and Exeter. 

Concord, on the river Merrimack, is the seat 
of government. 

College. — Dartmouth College is at Hanover, 
on the Connecticut, and common schools are 
established by law throughout the State. 

Coast . — New Hampshire has only 18 miles of 
sea-coast. 

Face of the Country . — The face of the country 
along the sea-coast is level and sandy, but 20 
or 30 miles inland it becomes broken and hilly. 

Climate and Soil. — The climate is cold but 
healthy, and the soil productive. 

New Hampshire, then including Vermont, was 
one of the original States. 

Length 160 miles, breadth 90; square miles, 
8030. Population, 244,155.'" 

Questions. 

How is New Hampshire bounded ? 

What is said of the White mountains: 

AVhich are tlie principal rivers ^ 

Name the cl\ief towns. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY, 43 

What town is the capital, and 'which the seat of gov- 
<Tnment ? 

Where is Dartmouth College ? 

What extent of sea-coast belongs to New Hampshire ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

AVhat is said of the climate and soil? 

as New Hampshire one of the orig'inal States? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popular 
tion, of New Hampshire ? 

Qiiestlons on the Map (JV*. //.). 

What river forms a part of the boundary between 
Maine and New Hampshire ? 

What town is situated near the mouth of the Merri- 
mack ? 

What river forms the boundary between Ne'w Hampi^ 
sliire and Vermont? 

Wl\at large town is situated near the mouth of the Pis 
cat aqua ? 

How is Concord situated ? 

On what river is Hanover? 


VERMONT. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by Lower Ca- 
nada, east by New Hampshire, south by Massa- 
chusetts, and west by New York. 

Mountains . — The Green Mountains, which 
give name to this State, extend through it from 
north to south. 

Face of the Country . — The face of the coun- 
try is mostly hilly. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are the Con- 
necticut, Michiscoui, Otter creek. Onion and 
Lamoile. 


44 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Lake *' — The Lake Champlain is the princi- 
pal lake. 

Climate and Soil * — The climate is pure and 
healthy, and the soil fertile. 

Productions * — The staple productions are 
iron, wheat, butter and cheese. 

Towns * — The chief towns are Bennington, 
Windsor, Rutland, and Montpellier. 

Bennington is the capital, and Montpellier is 
the seat of government. 

Education * — There is a college at Burlington, 
nnd one at Midcllebury, and learning is gene- 
rally diffused among the inhabitants. 

Vermont was originally a part of New Hamp- 
shire, and was admitted into the Union in 1791, 
being the first received after the adoption of the 
Federal constitution. 

Length 160 miles, breadth 52: square miles, 
8000. Population, 235,764. 

Qiiestions* 

How is Vermont bounded ? 

What is said of the Green Mountains ‘ 

What is the face of the country ? 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which is the principal lake } 

Describe the soil and climate. 

What are the staple productions.^ 

Name the chief towns. 

AVhich town is the capital, and which the seat of go- 
vernment ^ 

What is said respecting education ? 

To what State did Vermont belong, and when was it 
admitted into the Union ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation of V ermont ? 


rHE StUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


45 


({uestions on the Maj) [Vermont). 

Name the rivers in Vermont which empty into Lake 
Champlain. 

In wluit part of the State is Benning-ton ? 

AMiat towns in Vermont are situated on the west side 
of Connecticut river ? 

How is Burlington situated ? 

In what part of Vemiontis the scat of government ? 
How is Rutland situated? 

AVhere is St. Alban’s ? 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north by New Hamp- 
shire and Vermont, east by the Atlantic, south 
by Connecticut, Rhode Island and the Atlantic, 
and west by New York. 

Face of the Country. — Near the sea shore this 
State is level, the middle hilly, and the western 
parts mountainous. 

Soil and Climate. — The soil is productive, 
and climate healthy. 

llivers. — The principal rivers are Connecti- 
cut, and Merrimack. 

Bays. — The principal bays are Massachusetts 
and Buzzard’s Bay. 

Capes. — The capes are Ann, Cod, and Ma- 
labar. 

Islands. — The principal islands belonging to 
tliis State, are Nantucket and Martha’s Vine- 
vard. 

Towns. — The chief towns are Boston, Salem, 
Newburyport, Lynn, Springfield, and Pittsfield. 
Boston is the capital and seat of government, 


46 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


and the second commercial city in the United 
States. 

Education * — Massachusetts is distinguished 
for the attention which it has paid to the advance- 
ment of literature. 

Every district containing fifty families, is 
obliged, by law, to support at least oiie common 
school. 

Colleges * — Harvard University at Cambridge, 
near Boston, is one of the most celebrated in the 
United States. There is likewise a college at 
Williamstown, in the north-western part of the 
State. 

Commerce and Manufactures*’-T\ie commerce 
of Massachusetts exceeds that of any of the 
United States, except New York, and ranks 
among the first for the value of its manufactures. 

Massachusetts was one of the original States. 

Length 190 miles, breadth 94: square miles, 
Ti^50. Population, 521,725. 

Questions* 

How is Massachusetts bounded ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What is said of the soil and climate ? 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which are the principal bays ? 

Which are the principal capes ? 

Name the chief towns. 

W^hich town is the capital and seat of government r 

W”hat is said respecting literature ? 

Where is Harvarcl University? 

AVhat is said of the commerce and manufactures of 
Massachusetts ? 

Was Massachusetts one of the original States ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 47 

Questions on the Map [Mass.). 

What river empties into the Atlantic, north of Cape 
Ann ? 

What two islands lie south of the eastern part of Mas- 
sachusetts ? 

Name the three towns which are situated on the coast, 
between Boston and Cape Ann. 

How is the city of Boston situated, and to what class 
does it belong* ? 

Through what pai’t of Massachusetts does the Connec- 
ticut river flow ? 

In what part of the State is Pittsfield ? 

Where is Cape Cod ? 

How is Salem situated, and to what class does it be- 
long ? 

Is Cape Cod or Malabar the more southerly ? 


RHODE ISLAND. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north and east by 
Massachusetts, south by the Atlantic, and west 
by Connecticut. 

Soil and Climate. — The soil is in generaj 
productive, but more suitable for pasturage than 
cultivation, and the climate is noted for its sa- 
lubrity. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the coun- 
try is agreeably uneven ; in some places hilly, 
but no where mountainous. 

Rivers. — Providence, Taunton, and Patucket^ 
are the principal rivers. 

Narraganset Bay extends about forty 
miles into the southern part of the State. 

Islands. — Rhode Island and Block Island are 
the principal. 


48 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Towns * — The chief towns are Providence and 
Newport. 

Providence is the capital, and likewise the 
seat of government. 

Literature . — Learning is not so generally dif- 
fused among the inhabitants of Rhode Island, 
as among those of the other New England 
States. 

Brown University is at Providence, but com- 
mon schools through the State have received 
little attention. 

Productions . — The staple productions are 
beef, pork, butter and cheese. 

Rhode Island was one of the original States, 
and is the only State in the Union which has not 
formed a constitution since the declaration of 
independence, being still governed by the char- 
ter which it received from king Charles I. 

Length 50 miles, breadth 40 : square miles 
1200. Population, 83,059. 

Questions. 

How is Rhode Island bounded ? 

Describe the soil and climate. 

What is said of the face of the country ; 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

W'hat is said of NaiTaganset Bay ? 

Name the principal islands. 

Which are the chief towns ? 

W’hich is the capital and seat of government .• 

What is said respecting literature ? 

W as Rhode Island one of the original States? 

By what charter is Rhode Island governed ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


49 


^iiestions on the Map {R. L). 

How is Providence situated ? [On NarragansetBay.] 
On what island is Newport ? [Rhode Island.] 

What two islands lie south of the State of Rhode Is« 
iand ? 


CONNECTICUT. 

Boundaries, — Bounded north bj Massachu- 
setts, east by Rhode Island, south by Long 
Island Sound, and west by New York. 

Soil and Climate, — The soil is various, a con- 
siderable portion is highly cultivated ; and the 
climate is healthy and agreeable. 

Face of the Country, — The face of the coun- 
try is generally uneven, and in the north-west- 
ern part hilly. 

Rivers, — The principal rivers are Connecti- 
cut, Housatonic or Stratford, and Thames. 

Towns, — The chief towns are New Haven, 
Hartford, and New London. 

New Haven is the capital, and Hartford the 
seat of government. 

Literature, — Learning is generally diffused 
among the inhabitants. Yale College, at New 
Haven, is an institution justly celebrated. 

Productions,~The staple productions are 
beef, pork, butter and cheese. 

Connecticut was one of the original States. 

Length 85 miles, breadth 50; square miles 
4750. Population, 275,248. 


50 


AN' EASY INTllODUCliON Tti 


(luestions. 

How is Connecticut bounded ? 

Describe the soil and climate. 

What is said of tlie face of the country ? 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

Name the chief towns. 

What town is the capital, and which the seat of gov- 
ernment ? 

What is said respecting literature ? 

What are the staple productions ? 

Was Connecticut one of the original States ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map {Conn,). 

On which side of the Connecticut river is New Haven r* 

What river in Connecticut empties into Long Island 
Sound near the boundary between Connecticut and 
New York ? 

How is New Haven situated ? 

W'diat is the name of the river, at the mouth of whicli 
New London stands ? [Thames.] 

W^hat large island lies south of Connecticut ? 


NEW YORK. 

jRowKcZaries.— Bounded north by Lakes Erie 
Ontario, the river St. Lawrence and Lower Ca- 
nada; east by Massachusetts, Connecticut, and 
Vermont; south by the Atlantic, New Jersey, 
and Pennsylvania ; and west by Pennsylvania. 

Soil . — The soil is various, but the greatest 
proportion of it is good, particularly in the west- 
ern part of the State. 

climate . — The climate in the north-eastern 
part is very cold in winter, in the western more 
temperate, and in the south-east changeable. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


51 


Face of the Country* — Is diversified. The 
middle of the State is mountainous, the south- 
east hilly, and the western part generally level. 

R ivers* — The principal rivers are the Hud- 
son, Mohawk, and Genesee. 

Lakes, — The principal lakes wholly in the 
v^tate of New York are Oneida, Skeneatles, 
Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Crooked Lake, and 
Ca,nandaigua. 

The southern half of Lake Ontario, the south- 
eastern part of Lake Erie, and the western part 
of Champlain, belong to New York. 

Islands, — The principal islands are Long 
Island, Staten Island, and Grand Island. 

Toivns, — The chief towns are New York, Al- 
bany, Hudson, Troy, Poughkeepsie, Newburgh, 
Athens, Schenectady, Utica, Geneva, Canan- 
daigua, and Buffalo. 

New York is the capital, and Albany the seat 
of government. New York is the first commer- 
cial city in the United States. 

Colleges, — There are three colleges in this 
State: Columbia College, at New York; Union, 
at Schenectady; and Hamilton, at Clinton. 

Literature, — Literature had formerly received 
but little attention, but funds are now supplied 
by legislative provision for the establishment of 
common schools in every part of the State. 

Froductions, — Wheat is the staple produc- 
tion, of which large quantities are exported. 

Salt Sjjrings, — In the western parts of the 
State are salt springs, from the water of which 
immense quantities of salt are manufactured. 


52 AN EASY INTRODUeXION TO 

Cataracts* — The cataract of Niagara, on the 
river of that name, between the Lakes Erie and 
Ontario, is a perpendicular fall of 150 feet. 

The Cohoos falls on the Mohawk river are 50 
feet perpendicular. 

Canals* — The great western canal is 350 miles 
long, and forms a communication between Lake 
Erie and the Hudson river. Another canal con-> 
nects the Hudson river and Lake Champlain. 

New York was one of the original States. 

Length 340 miles, breadth 300 : square miles 
46,000. Population, 1,372,812. 

Questions. 

How is New York bounded ? 

What is said of the soil? 

What is the climate ? 

Describe the face of the countiy. 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

Which are the principal lakes ? 

What part of Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Champlain, be 
long* to New York ? 

Which are the principal islands belonging to this State ■ 

Name the chief towns. 

What city is the capital and which the seat of govern- 
ment ? 

How many colleges are there in the State of New 
York, and at what places ? 

What is said respecting literature, and the establish 
ment of scho'ols ? 

What is the staple production ? 

What is said respecting the salt springs ? 

Where is tlie cataract of Niagara, and what is its per 
pendicular height ? 

On what river are the Cohoos falls, and how high are 
they ? 

What is said respecting canals ? 

AVas New York one of the original States? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion? 

Questions on the Map (JV*. F.). 

What course does the Hudson river flow, and to what 
class does it belong' ? 

On what river is Utica ? 

How is AVateiford situated? 

In what part of the State of New York is Chatauque 
lake ? 

On what lake is Geneva situated ? 

Where is Sackett’s Harbour ? 

What lake lies south of Lake Champlain ? 

What is tlie name of the river which flows out of tfie 
north end of Lake Champlain, into the river St. Law- 
rence ? 

Where is Schenectady ? 

Name the towns which are situated on the west side 
of Hudson riv^er, below the mouth of the Mohawk. 

Where does the Genesee river empty ? 

What towns are situated on the west side of Lake 
Champlain ? 

What city stands at the mouth of the Hudson river? 

Where are Niagara Falls? 

W’hat town is situated at the eastern extremity of 
Lake Erie. 

On what river is Leicester ? 

Name the four towns on the west side of Hudson 
river. 

Into what river does the Mohaw’k empty ? 


NEW JERSEY. 

Boundaries , — Bounded north by New York, 

V 

east by New York and the Atlantic, south by 
Delaware Bay, and west by Pennsylvania. 

Soil, — The" soil of the southern part of this 
State is sandy and barren, but the northern pro= 
ductive. 

E O 


54 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Climate^ — The winters in the north are cold, 
but in the south more temperate. 

Face of the Country, — The northern part of 
New Jersey is hilly, and the southern level. 

Rivers, — The principal rivers are the Dela- 
ware, Rariton, and Passaic. 

Bays, — Delaware Bay lies between the south- 
western part of New Jersey, and the State of 
Delaware. 

Capes, — Cape May is the southern extremity 
of New Jersey, at the entrance of Delaware 
Bay. 

Towns, — The chief towns are Trenton, New- 
ark, and Brunswick. 

Newark is the capital, and Trenton is the seat 
of government. 

Colleges, — Princeton college is in this State, 
but common' schools are few in number. 

Productions, — The staple productions of New 
Jersey, are wheat, and other kinds of grain, and 
fruits. 

New Jersey w^as one of the original States. 

Length 160 miles, breadth 43; square miles, 
6,850. Population, 277,575. 

Questions, 

How is New Jersey bounded? 

What is the soil of New Jersey ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

Which is the principal bay ? 

Which is the principal cape ? 

Name the chief towns. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 55 

What college is in New Jersey, and what is said re 
specting common schools ? # 

Was New Jersey one of the original States ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula . 
lion of New Jersey ? 

Questions on the Map («A^. J.). 

\Vhat two harbours are situated on the eastern coast of 
New Jersey ? 

Name the two towns situated on Delaware Bay. 

How are Brunswick and Newark situated, and which 
is the more northerly ? 

What cape belon^ng to New Jersey, is situated at the 
entrance of Delaware Bay ? 

What river forms the boundary between New Jersey 
and Pennsylvania, and to what class does it belong ? 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

Boundaries , — Bounded north by New York 
and Lake Erie, east by New Jersey and New 
York, south by Delaware, Maryland, and Vir- 
ginia, and west by Ohio and Virginia. 

Mountains,— The Alleghany mountains pass 
through the middle of this State. 

Soil , — The soil in the eastern and western 
part of the State and in the valleys among the 
mountains, in the middle part, is generally good. 

Climate , — The climate among the mountains 
is very cold in winter, but in the eastern and 
western part, more temperate. 

Face of the Country , — The middle of the 
State is broken by the Alleghany mountains, but 
the eastern and western part is generally level. 

Rivers , — The principal rivers are Delaware^ 


56 


AN EASY INTRODU8TION TO 


Susquehannah, Alleghany, Monongahela, Ju- 
uiatw, and Lehigh. 

Towns . — The chief towns are Philadelphia, 
Lancaster, Pittsburgh, Reading, Harrisburgh, 
Chambersburgh, Carlisle, and Wilkesbarre. 

Philadelphia is the capital, and Harrisburgh 
the seat of government. 

Colleges . — Pennsylvania University is at Phi- 
ladelphia. The medical school attached to this 
university, is the most celebrated in the United 
States. 

There are four other colleges; one at Carlisle, 
one at Meadville, one at Washington, and one 
at Canonsburgh. 

Productions . — The staple productions are 
wheat and other kinds of grain. 

Minerals . — Near Pittsburgh there are inex- 
haustible mines of coal ; vast quantities are also 
found in other parts of the State. Iron ore is 
found in abundance, and extensively manufac- 
tured. 

Pennsylvania was one of the original States. 

Length 273 miles, breadth 176 : square miles, 
44,000. Population, 1,049,458. 

Questions. 

IJow is Pennsylvania bounded ? 

Through what part of the State do the Alleghany 
mountains pass ? 

What is said of the soil ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Describe the face of the country* 

Name the principal river^ 

Which are the chief towns? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 57 

What city is the capital, and what town the seat of 
g’overnment ? 

Where is the University of Pennsylvania, and what is 
said of the medical school attached to it ? 

Where are the other colleges? 

What are the staple productions? 

What is said of the minerals ? 

Was Pennsylvania one of the original States? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map {Fenn»). 

How is Pittsburgh situated ? 

What towns are situated on or very near the latitude 
of 40° ? 

W’hat three towns in Pennsylvania, are situated on the 
west side of Delaware river ? 

How is Philadelphia situated, and to what class does it 
belong? 

What town in Pennsylvania is situated on Lake Erie ? 

What river empties into the Delaware, near Easton ? 
[Lehigh.] 

What four towns in Pennsylvania, are situated on the 
east side of the Susquehannah river ? 

What towns in Pennsylvania, lie west of the Alleghany 
and Monongahela rivers ? 

What course is Pittsbui'gh from Philadelphia ? 

Is Harrisburgh or Lancaster the more northerly ? 

On what river is Williamsport ? 

What is the latitude and longitude of Philadelphia ? 

What towns in Pennsylvania, are situated near the 
longitude of 80 degrees west ? 


OHIO. 

Boundaries * — Bounded north by Lake Erie, 
and Michigan Territory, east by Pennsylvania 
and Virginia, south by Ohio river, and west by 
Indiana. 


58 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Face of the Country. — The face of the country 
is generally level; in some places hilly, but no 
where mountainous. 

Minerals. — The minerals are iron and coal. 

Soil. — The soil of this State is generally of an 
excellent quality, a considerable portion of it 
being prairies, which, when cultivated, are very 
fertile. 

The climate is pleasant and healthy. 
The heat is moderate in summer, and the win- 
ters mild. 

Productions. — The staple productions are 
wheat, hemp, flax, and some cotton. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are the Ohio, 
Muskingum, Sciota, Miami, Miami of Lake 
Erie, and Sandusky. 

LoA'c.— Lake Erie forms a great part of the 
northern boundary of this State. 

Towns. — The chief towns are Cincinnati,Chil - 
licothe, Columbus, Zanesville, Marietta, and 
Athens. 

Cincinnati is the capital, and Columbus the 
seat of government. 

Colleges. — There are two colleges in Ohio; one 
at Cincinnati, and one at Athens. 

Curiosities. — At Marietta are the remains of 
fortifications and mounds, which appear to have 
been constructed by people much more advanced 
in civilization than the present Indian inhabi- 
tants, but by whom, or at what period they were 
formed, is unknown. 

Ohio was admitted into the Union in 1802, 

Length 210 miles, breadth 200: square miles 
40,000. Population, 581,295. 


C-4- 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY 


59 


Questions, 

How is Ohio bounded ? 

Describe the face of tlie country. 

What minerals are found in Ohio ? 

WHiat is said of the soil ? 

Wdiat is said of the climate ? 

Which are the staple productions? 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

What lake forms a part of the northern boundaiy r 

Which are the chief towns? 

What town is the capital, and which the seat oi* govern- 
ment? 

At what towns are there colleges ? 

What curiosities are there in Ohio ? 

When was Ohio admitted into the Union? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
ion? 

Questions on the Map [Ohio). 

There are two rivers named Miami in Ohio, what course 
do they flow and where do they empty? 

Wdiat two towns are situated on the Sciota river? 

W9iat three rivers in the State of Ohio flow south, and 
empty into the Ohio river ? 

On what river is Steubenville ? 

What city is situated near the junction of the Ohio and 
Miami rivei’s, and to what class does it belong? 

Name the two forts which are. situated on 3ie Miami of 
Lake Erie. 

What towns in Ohio are situated on or near the lati- 
tude of 40*^ ? 

Wliat town is situated near the junction of the Sciota 
and Ohio rivers ? 

On what river is New Sandusky ? 

How is Cleveland situated ? 

Name the towns in the State of Ohio which are situated 
on the Ohio river. 


60 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


INDIANA. 

Boundaries. — ^Bounded north by Michigan 
Territory and Lake, east by Ohio, south by Ohio 
river, and west by Illinois. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the country 
is hilly, but not mountainous, and abounds with 
prairies. 

Minerals. — The minerals are coal and salt. 

Climate. — The climate is temperate and 
pleasant. 

Soil.~The soil is generally fertile. 

Productions. — The staple productions are 
grain and cotton. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are Ohio, Wa- 
bash, Illinois, and White river. 

Towns. — The chief towns are Vincennes, 
Corydon, Vevay, and Clarksville. 

Vincennes is the capital, and Corydon the 
seat of government. 

Indiana was admitted into the Union in 
1816. 

Length 325 miles, breadth 150: square miles, 
34,000. Population, 147,178. 

Questions. 

How is Indiana bounded? 

Describe the face of tlie country. 

Which are the minerals of Indiana ? 

What is said of the climate and soil ? 

What are the staple productions ? 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

Which are the chief towns ? 


IHK STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


61 


AVlien was Indiana a^lmitted into the Union ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Q^nestions on the Map {Indiana). 

What towns in Indiana are situated on the Ohio liver ? 

What river forms a part of the boundary between In- 
diana and Illinois ? 

What lake forms a part of the north-western boun- 
dary ? 

On what river is Vincennes ? 

Where is Fort Wayne situated ? 


ILLINOIS. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north by the North- 
Western Territory, east by Lake Michigan and 
Indiana, south by the Ohio river, and west by 
the Mississippi river. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the country 
X in the south is level, in the north hilly, but not 
mountainous. 

Minerals. — The minerals are coal, copper, 
lead, and iron. 

Climate and Soil. — The climate is tempe- 
rate and agreeable, and the soil fertile. 

Productions. — The staple productions are 
grain, flax, hemp, and cotton. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are Missis - 

3 i, Ohio, Illinois, Kaskaskia, Little Wabash, 
Rock river. 

Towns. — The chief towns are Kaskaskia, 
Vandalia, Shawneetown, Cahokia, and Edwards- 
ville. 

F 


62 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Kaskaskia is the capital, and Vandalia the 
seat of government. 

Illinois was admitted into the Union in 1818. 
Length 380 miles, breadth 150: square miles, 
58,900. Population, 55,211. 

Questions. 

How is Illinois bounded ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Illinois? 

What is said of the soil and climate ? 

W’hich are the staple productions ? 

Which are the principal rivers? 

Name the chief towns. 

Which town is the capital, and which the seat of gov- 
ernment. 

When was Illinois admitted into the Union? 

AVhat is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion. 

Questions on the Map [Illinois). 

On what river is Cahokia situated ? 

Into what river does the Kaskaskia empty, and what 
town stands near its mouth ? 

Where does the Illinois river rise, what course does it 
flow, and where does it empty ? 

What town in Illinois is situated on the Ohio river 
near its mouth ? 

In w'hat part of Illinois is Chicago ? 

What lake forms a part of the eastern boundary of Illi- 
nois ? 

How is Vandalia situated ? 

On what river is Clark Fort ? 


MICHIGAN TERRITORY. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by the Straits 
of Michillimackinac ; east by Lakes Huron, St. 


THE STUDY 0F &EO<&RAPHY. 


Clair, and Erie; south by Ohio and Indiana; 
and west by Lake Michigan. 

Face of the Country, — The face of the coun- 
try in the middle is elevated, with a gradual 
descent in every direction. 

Climate. — The climate is healthy, and tem- 
perate for the latitude. 

Soil. — The soil is in general productive. 

Productions. — This Territory produces wheat, 
rye, oats, and other kinds of grain. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are Miami, 
St. Joseph, Maumee, Grand, Huron, and Rai- 
sin. 

Lakes. — The lakes which lie contiguous to 
this Territory are Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, 
and Erie. 

Bays. — Saguina, and Traverse, are the prin- 
cipal bays. 

Straits. — The Strait of Michillimackinac, 
which forms the northern boundary, is six miles 
broad. 

Towns. — The chief towns are Detroit, Browns- 
town, and Michillimackinac. 

Detroit is the capital and seat of government. 

Islands. — The island of Michillimackinac is 
situated in the strait of the same name, and on 
it stands a fort and village, likewise called Mi- 
chillimackinac. 

Length 234 miles, breadth 140: square miles, 
34,000. Population, 8896. 

(luestions. 

How is Michigan Territory bounded ^ 

H^scribe the face of tlie country. 

• a 


64 


AX KASY INTRODUCTION TO 


w hat is said of the climate and soil ? 

Which are the staple productions ? 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

Name the lakes contiguous to this Territory, 

Which are the principal bays ? 

AV hat strait is there in the north ? 

Name the chief towns. 

What town is the capital and seat of government ? 
What is the length, breadth, squajL'e miles, and popiila- 
tion.- 

^uestions on the Map (Mich. Ter.). 

AVith what lake is Saguina Bay connected ? 

On what lake is Detroit situated ? 

There are two rivers in this Territory named Huron, 
where do they empty ? 

AVhere is the fort and village of Alichillimackinac situ- 
ated. 

AA^hat river rises in Ohio and runs through this Terris 
torv into Lake Erie ? 

AVith what lake is Traverse Bay connected ? 

Is Lake Michigan situated on the east or west side of 
the Territory? 

Name the rivers which empty into liakc Michigan 
How is Brownstown situated ? 


NORTH-WESTERN TERRITORY, 

POLITICALLY CONNECTED WITH MICHIGAN. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by Lake Supe- 
rior and Upper Canada, east by Lakes Michi- 
gan and Huron, south by Illinois, and west by 
Missouri Territory. 

Face of the Country .' — The face of the coun- 
try is generally level, in some places hilly, but 
not inountainouK. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


G5 


Mimrals. — The minerals are lead and cop- 
per. 

Climate, — The climate is cold but healthy, 
and the winters long. 

Soil. — The soil is generally of an excellent 
quality. 

Froductions. — The staple production is a kind 
of rice resembling oats, which grows wild along 
the rivers and lakes. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are Missis- 
sippi, Ouisconsin, Fox, Chippeway, St. Croix, 
St. Louis, and La Plue. 

Bays. — Green Bay is the principal, and lies 
on the west side of Lake Michigan. 

Lakes. — The lakes contiguous to this Terri* 
tory are Superior, Huron, Michigan, Lake of 
the Woods, and Red Lake. 

Towns. — There are no towns, and very few 
settlements, in this Territory. 

Length 450 miles, breadth 350 : square miles, 
140,000. Population, 952. 

Questions. 

How is the North-Western Territory bounded ' 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in the North-W^estern Tern 
tory ? 

What is said of the climate r 

What is said of the soil ? 

What is the staple production ? 

Which are the principal rivers? 

Which is the principal bay ? 

Which are the lakes contiguous to the North-W’estem 
Territory ? 

What towns are in this Territory ? 

F 2 


G6 


AN lASY INTRODUCTION TO 


■\Vhat is the length, breadth, square miles, andpopula- 
tlun ? 

((uestions on the Map (J\T. W, Ter.)» 

■\Vhat lakes are situated near the head of the Missis- 
sippi river ? 

On what river are the Falls of St. Anthony, and how 
high ? 

What river empties into the south part of the Lake of 
the Woods? 

With what lake is Green Bay connected ? 

Where are St. Mary’s Falls ? 

What river connects the Lake of the Woods with Lake 
Winnipeg ? 

Wliat rivers empty into the south part of Lake Supe- 
rior ? 

What river empties into Green Bay ? 

What two lakes does Red river connect ? 

Into what rivers do the Ouisconsin, Cliippeway, and 
St. Croix rivers empty ? 


DELAWARE. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north by Pennsylva- 
nia; east by the Atlantic, Delaware Bay and 
river; and south and west by Maryland. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the coun- 
try in the south is low and swampy, more ele- 
vated in the middle, and in the north hilly. 

Climate. — The climate in the south is warm 
and moist, in the north, pleasant and more 
healthy. 

Soil. — The soil of the southern part is sandy 
and unproductive, but the northern fertile. 

Productions. — Wheat is the staple produc- 


THE STUDY OF GKOGUAl’PlV. 


1)7 

Hon, and is said to be the best raised in the 
United States. 

Rivers , — The principal rivers arc the Dela- 
ware, Brandywine and Christiana creeks. 

Manufactures . — Delaware is celebrated for iis 
cotton, woollen, flour, paper, and powder ma- 
nufactories. 

Bay . — Delaware Bay forms the greatest part 
of the eastern boundary. 

Cape . — Cape Hen I open is situated at the 
southern entrance of Delaware Bay. 

Towns . — The chief towns are Wilmington, 
Dover, New Castle, and Lewistown. 

Wilmington is the capital, and Dover the seat 
of government. 

Delaware was one of the original States. 

Length 96 miles, breadth 36; square miles, 
2120. Population, 72,749. 

Questions. 

How is Delaware hounded ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

Wliat is said of the, climate ? 

What is said of the soil ? 

AVhich is the staple production ? 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

What is said of the manufactures ?■ 

AVhich is the principal bay ? 

Which is the principal cape ? 

AVhich are the chief towns ? 

AVhat town is the capital, and which the seat of go» 
V ernment ? 

AVas Delaware one of the original States? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation r 


68 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


(liiestions on the Map [Delaware). 

What bay lies between Delaware and New Jersey/ 
What town is situated near Cape Henlopen ? 

In what part of Delaware is Wilmington ? 

In what part of the state is Dover ? 

Name tlie towns situated on Delaware Bay 


MARYLAND. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by Pennsylva- 
nia, east by Delaware and the Atlantic, south 
and west by Virginia. 

Mountains . — The mountains are some ridges 
of the Alleghany in the north-west part. 

Face of the Country . — The eastern part is low 
and level, the middle hilly, and western part 
mountainous. 

Minerals . — Are iron and some coal. 

Climate . — The climate in the eastern part is 
warm, moist and unhealthy, but in the west 
pleasant and salubrious. 

Soil . — The soil of the eastern part is sandy 
but interspersed with rich meadows; in the 
western part the valleys are fertile. 

Froductions . — The staple productions are 
wheat, cotton and tobacco. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are the Poto- 
mac and Susquehannah. 

Bay . — ^'riie northern part of Chesapeake Bay 
extends through the middle of Maryland. 

Towns . — The chief towns are Baltimore, An- 
napolis, Cumberland and Cambridge. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 69 

Baltimore is the capital, and Annapolis the 
seat of government. 

There are two colleges and a flou- 
rishing medical school in the city of Baltimore. 
Maryland was one of the original States. 
Length 150 miles, breadth 75 : square miles, 
11,000. Population, 407,350. 

Questions. 

How is Maryland bounded ? 

What is said of the mountains ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Maryland ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

What is said of the soil ? 

Which are the staple productions ? 

Name the principal rivers. 

What is said of Chesapeake Bay ? 

Which are the principal towns ? 

Are there any colleges in Maryland ? In what city r 

W'as Maryland one of the original States? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map [Maryland). 

Name the river, and to what class it belongs, whicli 
divides Maryland from Virginia ? 

What city is the capital of Maryland, and to what class 
does it belong ? 

Name the towns in Maryland which are situated on the 
east side of Chesapeake Bay. 

What river, and to what class does it belong, which 
empties into the north part of Chesapeake Bay ? 

Name the towns which are situated on the west side of 
Chesapeake Bay. 

Into what bay does the Potomac empty ? 

Name the towns in Maryland which are situated on the 
Potomac. 


TO 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The District of Columbia lies on both sides of 
the river Potomac, 120 miles from its mouth. 
It was ceded to the United States by Maryland 
and Virginia, and is now under the government 
of the tfnited States. 

Face of the Country , — Is elegantly variegated, 
and abounds with beautiful prospects. 

Climate . — The climate is warm in summer, 
and in winter sometimes very cold. 

Soil . — The soil is thin and sandy. 

Rivers . — The river Potomac passes through 
this District. 

Towns . — The chief towns are Washington, 
Alexandria, and Georgetown. 

Washington City has been the seat of govern- 
ment of the United States since the year 1800. 

, Public Buildings , — The Capitol at Washing- 
ton is handsomelv situated on an eminence, and 
presents a front of 362 feet. 

The President’s House is 170 by 85 feet, two 
stories high, built of white free-stone. 

Colleges . — Columbia College is in the City of 
Washington. 

Length 10 miles, breadth 10: square miles, 
100. Population, 33,039. 

Questions. 

How is the District of Columbia situated ? 

What States ceded the District of Columbia to the 
United States ? 

Describe the face of the country. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGIIAFHY. 


71 


What is said of the climate ? 

What is said of the soil? 

Which is the principal river? 

Name tlie chief towns. 

What is said of Washington City ? 

What is said of the Capitol ? 

Describe the President’s House. 

Where is Columbia College ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map (/>• Columbia). 

On which side of the Potomac is the City of Wash- 
ington ? 

Is Alexandria on the east or west side of the Potomac ? 


VIRGINIA- 

Boundaries. — Bounded north by Maryland 
and Pennsylvania, east by Maryland and the At- 
lantic, south by North Carolina and Tennessee, 
west by Kentucky, and north-west by the Ohio 
river. 

Mountains.~Th.e mountains are the two 
ridges of the Alleghany, known by the name of 
Blue Ridge, and North Mountain. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the country 
along the sea-coast is low, level and swampy, 
in the middle mountainous, and the western part 
hilly. 

Minerals. — The minerals are iron and coal. 

Climate. — The climate in the eastern part is 
hot and unhealthy in summer, and mild in win- 
ter. The middle and western parts are healthy, 
and the winters more severe. 


72 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


SoiL — The soil east of the mountains is gene- 
rally sandy; but in the valleys among the moun- 
tains, and in the western part, generally good. 

Productions . — The staple productions are 
wheat and tobacco. 

Rivers , — The principal rivers are the Potomac, 
Rappahannock, York, James, Ohio, and Great 
and Little Kenhawa. 

5ays.— The south part of Chesapeake Bay 
belongs to Virginia. 

Capes , — The principal capes are Henry, and 
Charles, at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay. 

Towns . — The chief towns are Richmond, Nor- 
folk, Petersburgh, Williamsburgh, Fredericks- 
burgh, York, Lexington, Jeffersonville, and Vi- 
enna. 

Richmond is the capital and seat of govern- 
ment. 

Colleges,— There is a college at Williams- 
burgh, which is the only one in the State. 

Virginia was one of the original States, and 
was the first English settlement in North Ame- 
rica. 

Length 370 miles, breadth 220; square miles, 
63,000. Population, 1,065,304. 

Questions, 

How is Virginia bounded ? 

■Which are the principal mountains in Virginia ' 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Virginia ^ 

What is said of the climate ? 

Wliat is said of the soil ^ 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. T3 

Wliicli are the staple productions ? 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which are the principal bays ? 

What two noted capes are there in Virginia ? 

Which are the chief towns ? 

What town is the capital and seat of government? 

Is tliere any college in Virginia ? 

Was Virginia one of the original States ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion, of Virginia ? 

Questions on the Map (Virginia), 

Name the four large rivers in Virginia, which flow to^ 
wards the east, and empty into Chesapeake Bay. 

On what river is Richmond situated, and to what class 
does it belong ? 

Name the towns in Virginia which are situated on the 
Ohio river. 

On what river is the city of Norfolk situated, and to 
what class does it belong ? 

What river rises in Virginia and unites with the Alle- 
ghany river at Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania ? 

Through what part of Virginia do the Alleghany moun- 
tains run ? 

What course do the Great and Little Kenliawa rivers 
flow, and into what river do they empty ? 

What coui’se does the Shenandoah river flow, and into 
what river does it empty ? 

Which town in Virginia is the most northerly, and on 
what river is it situated ? 

To wdiat class do the Potomac and James rivers belong ? 

What large town is situated on the river Appomatox? 

On what river is Jeffersonville ? 

What town is situated near the mouth of the Little 
Kenhawa ? 

What two towns are situated on the south side of York 
river ? 

Which is the more northerly, Cape Charles or Henry ? 

G 


74 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


On what river is Fredericksburgh ? 

Does any part of Virginia lie north of the 40th degree 
of north latitude ? 


KENTUCKY. 

/^oiewt/aries.— Bounded north by the Ohio 
river, east by Virginia, south by Tennessee, and 
west by the Mississippi river. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the country 
is generally uneven; and some places, particu- 
larly in the eastern parts, rough and mountain- 
ous. 

Minerals. — The minerals are iron, coal, lead, 
copperas, salt and saltpetre. 

Climate. — The climate is generally agreeable 
and healthy, and is neither very warm in sum- 
mer, nor very cold in winter. 

Soil. — The soil is generally good, and in some 
parts very productive. 

Productions. — The staple productions are 
wheat, hemp, flax, tobacco and cotton. 

Fivers. — The principal rivers are Kentucky, 
Sandy, Licking, Green, Cumberland, and Ten- 
nessee rivers. 

Towns. — The chief towns are Lexington, 
Frankfort, Louisville, Newport, Smithland and 
Barbersville. 

Lexington is the capital, and Frankfort is the 
seat of government. 

Colleges. — Transylvania University is at Lex- 
ington in this State. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 75 

Curiosities . — The Mammoth Cave in Ken- 
tucky, is the largest known in the world. It has 
been explored to the distance of nine miles from 
the entrance. 

In Kentucky, and in some others of the United 
States, have been found the bones of the mam- 
moth, an animal now extinct, but which must 
have been at least six times larger than the ele- 
phant. 

Kentucky was formerly a part of Virginia, and 
was admitted into the Union in 1792. 

Length 380 miles, breadth 100: square miles, 
37,680. Population, 564,317. 

(Questions. 

How is Kentucky bounded ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Kentucky ? 

What is said of tlie climate ? 

Ot' what quality is the soil ? 

Wliich are the shiple productions? 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which are the chief towns? 

Which is the largest town and seat of government ? 

What university is there in Kentucky, and in what 
town is it ? 

Describe the Mammoth Cave. 

W hat is said of the bones of the mammoth ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map {Kentuckif). 

Name the towns in Kentuckv, which are situated on 
the Ohio river. 

On what river is Greensburgh ? 


76 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Name the rivers in Kentucky which empty into the 
Ohio. 

To what classes do the Cumberland and Tennessee 
rivers belong*? 

On what river is Frankfort ? 

Where is Fort Jefferson ? 

What two towns are situated on the Kentucky river ? 

On what river is Barbersville ? 

How is Lexington situated, and what course is it from 
Frankfort ? 

What town is situated on the Ohio, between the mouth 
of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers ? 


TENNESSEE. 

Boundaries ,. — Bounded north by Kentucky, 
east by North Carolina, south by Georgia, Ala- 
bama and Mississippi, and west by the Missis- 
sippi river. 

Mountains . — The Cumberland mountains di- 
vide this State into eastern and western Ten- 
nessee. 

Face of the Country . — The eastern part is 
mountainous, the middle hilly, and the western 
level. 

Minerals . — The minerals are iron, coal, cop- 
peras, alum, saltpetre and lead. 

Climate . — The climate of the eastern part is 
temperate and pleasant, and the western part is 
hot in summer and mild in winter. 

Soil . — The soil is generally fertile, particu- 
larly the western part. 

Froductions . — The staple productions are 
wheat and tobacco. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 77 

Rivers , — The principal rivers are Tennessee, 
Cumberland, Clinch, Duck and Elk rivers. 

Towns . — The chief towns are Nashville, 
Knoxville, Murfreesborough, Clarksville, Fay- 
etteville, Columbia, Newport, Shelbyville, and 
Jonesborough. 

Knoxville is the capital, and Murfreesborough 
the seat of government. 

Colleges , — There are two colleges in Tennes- 
see; one at Greenville, and one at Knoxville. 

Tennessee was admitted into the Union in 
1796. 

Length 456 miles, breadth 100 : square miles, 
40,900. Population, 422,813. 

Questions, 

How Is Tennessee bounded ? 

What mountains are there in Tennessee ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Tennessee ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

What is the quality of the soil ? 

Wdiich are the staple productions ^ 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which are the chief towns ? 

What town is the capital, and which the seat of gov- 
ernment ? 

Where are there colleges in Tennessee? 

In what year was it admitted into the Union ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map (Tennessee). 

What two towns in Tennessee are situated on the 
Cumberland river ? 

On what river is Fayetteville ? 

G 2 


78 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


What two towns in Tennessee are situated on the 
Tennessee river ? 

What coui’se does Elk river flow, and where does it 
empty ? 

Name the two towns which are situated on Duck river. 

In what part of Tennessee is Jonesborough? 

What course does the Forked Deer river flow, and 
into what river does it empty ? 

Is Murfreesborough or Nashville the more easterly ? 

What town is situated at the junction of the Tennes- 
see and Clinch rivers ? 

Is Shelby ville or Columbia more westerly ? 

In what part of Tennessee is Newport ? 


NORTH CAROLINA. 

Boundaries , — Bounded north by Virgiiiiu, 
east by the Atlantic, south by South Carolina, 
and west by Tennessee. 

Mountains , — The Alleghany mountains run 
through the western part of this state. 

Face of the Country , — The face of the coun- 
try in the eastern part is low and level, in the 
middle hilly, and the western part mountainous. 

Minerals , — The minerals are iron and some 
gold. 

Climate , — The climate in the eastern part is 
hot and unhealthy, but the western part is 
healthy and pleasant. 

Soil , — The soil in the eastern part is sandy 
and barren, but the middle and western parts are 
more productive. 

Productions , — The staple productions are 
cotton and tobacco. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY, 


79 


Rivers . — The principal rivers are Roanoke, 
Neuse, Pamlico, Cape Fear, Pedee and Wa- 
teree. 

Sounds . — The principal sounds in North Ca- 
rolina are Albemarle and Pamlico. 

Inlets . — The principal inlets are Ocracoke 
and Currituc. 

Cayes . — The capes are Fear, Hatteras, and 
Lookout. 

Towns . — The chief towns are Newbern, Ra- 
leigh, Fayetteville, Beaufort, Wilmington, Ply- 
mouth and Edenton. 

Newbern is the capital, and Raleigh the seat 
of government. 

College . — North Carolina Universitv is at 
Chapel Hill, near Raleigh. 

North Carolina was one of the original States. 

Length 345 miles, breadth 120: square mijes, 
48,000. Population, 638,829. 

(Questions. 

How is North Carolina bounded ? 

lYhat mountains run througli the western part of North 
Carolina ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

. ^^'hat minerals are found in North Carolina r 

Wlmt is said of tlie climate ? 

IVliat is said of the soil ? 

IVhich are the staple productions . 

Name tlie principal rivers. 

Which are the principal sounds ? 

Which are the principal inlets ? 

Name the capes in North Carolina, 

Which are the chief towns ? 

Which town is the capital, and which the ??€at of^ov^ 
ermnent ^ 


80 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


AVhat University is there in North Carolina, and where, 
is it situated ? 

Was North Carolina one of the original States ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map {A'*, Carolina). 

Name the two rivers which empty into Pamlico Sound. 

What town stands near the junction of the two Cape 
Fear rivers ? 

What two towns stand near the western extremity of 
Albemarle Sound ? 

On what river is Fayetteville ? 

W^hat inlet is situated between Capes Hatteras and 
Lookout ? 

How is Beaufort situated ? 

Name the towm which stands near the mouth of Pam- 
lico river. 

Is Cape Fear or Lookout the most southerly ? 

On what part of the coast of North Carolina is Currl- 
tuc Inlet ? 

How is Morgantown situated ? 


SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north and east by 
North Carolina, south by the Atlantic, and west 
by Georgia. 

Face of the Country . — The face of the country 
along the sea-shore is level and swampy, in the 
north-western part there are some ridges of the 
Alleghany mountains. 

Minerals . — The minerals are iron, lead, and 
copper. 

CJima^e.~The climate along the sea-coast is 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


81 


hot and unhealthy in summer, with mild winters ; 
in the northern part it is healthy and pleasant. 

Soil , — The soil of the southern part is sandy, 
but very fertile along the rivers. 

Froductions , — Cotton and rice are the staple 
productions. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are Great and 
Little Pedee, Santee, Wateree, Saluda, and 
Edisto. 

Towns , — The chief towns arc Charleston, Co- 
lumbia, Georgetown, York, Gowenville, and 
Beaufort. 

Charleston is the capital, and Columbia the 
seat of government. 

Colleges , — There is a college at Columbia in 
this State. 

South Carolina was one of the original States. 

Length 200 miles, breadth 125 : square miles, 
24,000. Population, 490,309. 

Questions, 

How is South Carolina bounded? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in South Carolina ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

What is the quality of the soil ? 

Which are the staple productions? 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which are the chief towns? 

Name the capital and seat of government. 

In what town of South Carolina is there a college ^ 

Was South Carolina one of the oi-iginal States. 

Wliat is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ^ 


82 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Questions on the Map {South Carolina). 

Name the towns in South Carolina which are situated 
a little south of 35° north latitude. 

How is Charleston situated, and to what class does it 
belong? [At the junction of Ashley and Cooper rivers.] 

What town is situated near the junction of the Santee 
and Saluda rivers ? 

What rivers empty into the Atlantic between Charles- 
ton and Beaufort ? 

On what river is Edgefield situated ? 

'to what class of rivers do the Santee and Pedee 
belong } 

Into what river does the Saluda empty ? 

In what state do the Pedee and Wateree rivers rise, 
what course do they flow, and where do they empty ? 

On what rivers are Georgetown and Camden situated ^ 


GEORGIA. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north by North Caro* 
lina and Tennessee, east by South Carolina and 
the Atlantic, south by Florida, and west by 
Alabama. 

Mountains. — The southern extremity of the 
Alleghany mountains terminates in the northern 
part of Georgia. 

Face of the Country.— The face of the coun- 
try in the southern part is low and level, in the 
middle more elevated, and in the north hilly 
and mountainous. 

Minerals. — The minerals are copper, which is 
found near Greensborough, and yellow ochre, 
near Milledgeville. 

Climate. — The climate in the southern part 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY, 


of Georgia is hot and unhealthy in summer, in 
the northern part pleasant and salubrious. 

Soil, — The soil is generally fertile. 

Productions. — The staple productions are 
cotton, rice and tobacco. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are Savannah, 
Ogechee, Alatamaha, Oconee, Oakmulgee, Cha- 
tahoochee, Flint, Okelokonne, and St. Mary’s. 

Towns. — The chief towns are Savannah, Au- 
gusta, Sunbury, Darien, Milledgeville, Greens- 
borough, Petersburgh and Athens. 

Savannah is the capital, and Milledgeville the 
seat of government. 

College. — There is a college at Athens in this 
State. 

Indians. — The Cherokee Indians inhabit the 
northern part of Georgia, and are about 11,000 in 
number. 

Georgia was one of the original States. 

Length 380 miles, breadth 150 : square miles, 
58,000. Population, 340,989. 

Questions, 

How is Georgia bounded ? 

What mountains are there in Georgia ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Georgia ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

What is the quality of the soil ? 

Which are the staple productions ? 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which are the chief towns ? 

Which town is the capital, and which the seat of gov- 
ernment ? 


84 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Are there any colleges in Georgia ? 

What nation of Indians inhabit the northern part of 
Georgia ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map (Georgia'), 

Name the towns which are situated on the west side 
of Savannah river. 

\vbi,t two r.'vers form the Alatamaha? 

What two forts are situated on Flint river ? 

What ’s the name of the river which is formed by the 
junction of the Chatahoochee and Flint rivers ? 

Name the two towns which are situated on the river 
Stv Mary’s. 

Name the two towns which are situated on the Oconee 
river. 

How are Savannah, Sunbury, and Darien situated ? 

What river forms a part of the boundary between 
Georgia and East Florida ? 


ALABAMA. 

Boundaries, — Bounded north by Tennessee, 
east by Georgia, south by W est Florida and Gulf 
of Mexico, and west by Mississippi State. 

Face of the Country, — The face of the country 
in the south is level, the middle more elevated, 
and the north hilly. 

Climate, — The climate is very mild in winter, 
and the breezes from the Gulf of Mexico mode- 
rate the heat, and render the summers pleasant. 

Soil, — The soil of Alabama is generally good, 
and in many places very fertile. 

Froductions, — The staple productions are 
cotton and rice. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


85 


Rivers . — The principal rivers are Mobile, 
Alabama, Tombecbee, Black Warrior, Coosa, 
Talapoosa, Cahawba, and Tennessee. 

Bay . — Mobile Bay, at the mouth of the river 
of that name, communicates with the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

Towns . — The chief towns are Mobile, Blake- 
ly, St. Stephen’s, Eagleville, Cahawba, Crown- 
town, Florence, and Huntsville. 

Mobile is the capital, and Cahawba the seat of 
government. 

Indians.— The Creek Indians inhabit Alabama, 
and have made considerable advances towards 
civilization. They are about fifteen thousand 
in number. 

Alabama was admitted into the Union in 1819. 

Length 334 miles, breadth 155: square miles, 
51,770. Population, 143,000. 

Questions. 

• 

How is Alabama bounded ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What is said of the climate of Alabama ? 

What is the quality of the soil? 

What are the staple productions ? 

Name the principal rivers. 

What is said of Mobile Bay ? 

Name the chief towns. 

Which town is the capital, and which the seat of go- 
vernment ? 

What nation of Indians inhabit Alabama? 

In what year was Alabama admitted into the Union? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, .and popula- 
*i.ou ' 

R 


86 


AN EASY INTRODUCTIUN lO 


Q^iiestions on the Map (Alabama), 

What large river runs through the northern part of 
Alabama ? 

What two>rlvers unite and form the Mobile ? 

Wdiat two towns are situated on the Tombecbee ? 

What fort is situated on the Coosa river near its junc- 
tion with the Talapoosa? 

Name the seat of government in Alabama, and tell 
how it is situated. 

Name the town which is situated on the east side of 
Mobile Bay. 

AVhat towns in Alabama are situated on the Tennes- 
see river ? 

How is Huntsville situated ? 

Name the two rivers w hich unite and form the Ala- 
bama river. 

What part of Alabama do the Creek Indians Inhabit ? 

What town is situated at the mouth of the Black War- 
rior river ? 

On what river is Muscle Shoals ? 

Name the rivers wliich rise in Alabama, and flow 
through West Florida into the Gulf of Mexico. 

Name the capital of Alabama, and tell how it is si- 
tuated. 


MISSISSIPPI, 

Boundaries , — Bounded north by Tennessee, 
east by Alabama, south by Louisiana and Gulf 
of Mexico, and west by the Mississippi river. 

Face of the Country , — The face of the coun- 
try in the south is level, but more elevated to- 
wards the north. 

Climate , — The climate in winter is very mild, 
and the heat in summer is more moderate than 
most places in the same latitude. 


lliE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


8r 

Soil , — The soil is generally good, and in 
many places excellent. 

Froductions , — The staple productions are 
cotton and rice, with some sugar and indigo. 

Rivers , — The principal rivers are Missis-^ 
sippi, Yazoo, Black, Pearl, and Pascagoula. 

Towns . — The chief towns are Natchez, Mon- 
ticello, Pascagoula, Jacksonville, and Palmyra. 

Natchez is the capital, and Monticello the 
seat of government. 

Indians . — The Choctaw and Chickasaw Ia» 
dians inhabit this state. The Choctaws are 
about 20,000 in number, and the Chickasaws 
5,000. 

Mississippi was admitted into the Union in 
1817. 

Length 338 miles, breadth 135 ; square miles, 
45,760. Population, 75,448. 

(Questions. 

How is the State of Mississippi bounded ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What is said of the climate ? 

What is the quality of the soil ? 

Which are the staple productions ? 

Which are the principal rivers? 

Name the chief towns. 

Which town is the capital, and which the seat of gov« 
eminent ? 

What nations of Indians inhabit Mississippi State, and 
what are their numbers ? 

In what year was Mississippi admitted into the Union ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 


88 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Questions on the Map [Mississippi). 

What course do the Pearl and Pascagoula rivers flow, 
and where do they empty ? 

On what river are Jacksonville and Monticello, and 
which is the more northerly ? 

Name the town which is situated at the mouth of Yazoo 
river. 

What river forms the western boundary of Mississippi 
S tate 

Name the two towns situated on the river Mississippi. 

What course do the Yazoo and Black rivers flow, and 
into what river do they empty ? 


FLORIDA. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north by Georgia and 
Alabama, east by the Atlantic, south and south- 
west by the Gulf of Mexico, and west by Ala- 
bama. 

Face of the Country, — The face of the coun- 
try is level, and very little elevated above the 
waters of the Gulf of Mexico. 

Climate. — The climate is very hot in summer, 
but is refreshed by breezes from the Atlantic 
and Gulf of Mexico. 

Soil. — More than one-half of Florida is co- 
vered with swamps and pine barrens, but the 
soil along the rivers and the savannahs is very 
fertile. 

Productions. — The staple productions are 
cotton, rice and sugar. 

Fivers. — The principal rivers arc St. John’s, 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 89 

Okolokonne, Appalachicola, Escambia and Per- 
dido. 

Lakes . — The lakes are Mayaco and Lake 
George. 

Bays . — The principal bays are Apalache, Es- 
piritu Santo, Charlotte Harbour, and Chatham. 

Capes . — The capes are Caneveral, Florida, 
Sable, Romans and St. Bias. 

Towns . — The chief towns are Pensacola and 
St. Augustine. 

Pensacola is the seat of government. 

Indians . — The Seminole Indians inhabit Flo» 
rida, and are about 6,000 in number. 

East and West Florida was purchased from 
Spain in the year 1820, for five millions of dol- 
lars. 

Length 600 miles, breadth 130; square miles, 
54,000. Population, 10,000. 

Questions. 

How is Florida bounded ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What is said of the climate? 

What is the quality of the soil ? 

Which are the staple productions ? 

Name the principal rivers. 

What lakes are there in Florida ? 

Which are the principal bays ? 

Wdiich are the principal capes ? 

Name the chief towns. 

What nation of Indians reside in Florida, and what is 
their number ? 

In what year was Florida purchased from Spain, and 
how much did the United States pay for it ? 

H 2 


90 AN EAST INTRODUCTION TO 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popuia 
lion of Florida ? 

Questions on the Map {Florida), 

Name the two capes on the east side of East Florida ? 

What river flows through Lake George ? 

What is the name of the cape at the southern extre- 
mity of East Florida ? 

What rivers empty into Apalache Bay ? 

What river forms the boundary between East and 
West Florida ? 

How is Pensacola situated ? 

On what river is Fort St. Mark ? 

What bay is situated between Cape Sable and Cape 
Romans ? 

On which side of East Florida are Charlotte Harbour 
and Espiritu Santo Bay, and which is the more southerly? 

How is St. Augustine situated ? 

In what part of Florida does the river St. John rise, 
what course does it flow, and where does it empty ? 

What river forms the western boundarv of West Flo- 
rida ? 

What river forms a part of the boundaiy between East 
Florida and Georgia ? 

How is Cape St. Bias situated ? 

Where is St, Rose’s Bay? 


LOUISIANA. 

Boundaries , — Bounded north by Mississippi 
State and Arkansaw Territory, east by Missis- 
sippi State and river and Gulf of Mexico, south 
by the Gulf of Mexico, and west by Mexico. 

Climate , — The climate of the southern part 
in summer is very hot and unhealthy, in the 
northern part more temperate; in winter snow 
or frost is seldom seen. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


91 


Face of the Country . — The face of the country, 
particularly in the southern part, is very level, 
and abounds with swamps and prairies. 

Soil . — The soil is generally fertile. 

Productions . — The staple productions are 
cotton and sugar. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are the Missis» 
sippi, Red, Wachitta, Sabine, Atchafalaya, La 
Fourche and Ibberville. 

Lakes . — The principal lakes are Pontchar- 
train, Mermentau and Carcasini. 

Towns . — The chief towns are New Orleans, 
Baton Rouge, Opelousas, Natchitoches, New 
Iberia and Alexandria. 

New Orleans is the capital and seat of go- 
vernment. 

The whole of the country lying west of the 
river Mississippi, now belonging to the United 
States, was formerly called Louisiana, and was 
purchased from France in 1803 for fifteen mil- 
lions of dollars. 

Louisiana was admitted into the Union in 
1811. 

Length 380 miles, breadth 120: square miles, 
48,220. Population, 153,407. 

Questions. 

How is Louisiana bounded ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What is said of tlie climate ? 

What is the quality of the soil ? 

Whicli are the staple productions ? 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

What are the names of the principal lakes ' 


92 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Name the chief towns. 

\A"hat city is the capital and seat of government ? 

By what name was the country west of the Mississippi 
formerly knowii, from whom was it purchased, and how 
much was paid for it ? 

In what year was Louisiana admitted into the Union ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map (Louisiana). 

What river forms a communication betw^een Lake 
Pontchartrain and the Mississippi river ? 

On what river is the citv of New Orleans situated, and 
to what class does it belong ? 

On what river are Opelousas and New Iberia situated ? 

Where is the Balize P 

1)0 the Atchafalaya and Fourche rivers flow out of 
the eastern or western side of the Mississippi ? 

On what river are Alexandria and Natchitoches si- 
tuated ? 

What town is situated on the Mississippi river near Ib- 
bcrville river ? 

What river forms a part of the boundary between Lou- 
isiana and Texas ? 

In v\ liat part of Louisiana are Lakes Mermentau and 
Carcasini ? 


ARKANSAW TERRITORY. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by Missouri 
State and Territory, east by the Mississippi 
river, south by Louisiana and Mexico, and west 
by Mexico. 

Face of the Country . •• — The face of the coun- 
try in the western part is mountainous, in the 
eastern more level. 

Soil . — The soil is generally good. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 9S 

Pyoductions.~The staple productions are 
cotton, rice and grain. 

R ivers . — The principal rivers are the Mis- 
sissippi, Red, Arkansaw, Wachitta, St. Francis 
and White river. 

Towns * — The chief towns are Arkansaw, Dor- 
donoville and Little Rock. 

Little Rock is the seat of government. 

Indians * — The Sioux and Osage Indians in- 
habit this Territory. The Sioux are about 
20,000 in number, and the Osages about 5000. 

Length 550 miles, breadth 200: square miles, 
100,000. Population, 14,273. 

(Questions* 

How is Arkansaw Territory bounded f 

Describe the face of the country. 

What is the quality of the soil ? 

Which are the staple productions? 

Name the principal rivers. 

What towns are there in Arkansaw Temtory ? 

AVhat nations of Indians inhabit Arkansaw and what are 
their numbers ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map [Arkansaw Ter*)* 

On what river are Arkansaw and Dordonoville si- 
tuated ? 

What course does the St. Francis flow, and into what 
river does it empty? 

What course do the Arkansaw and White rivers flow, 
and into what river do they empty ? 

T’o what class of rivers do the Arkansaw' and White 
rivers belong? 


94 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


MISSOURI. 

Boundarips . — Bounded north and west by 
iilissourl Territory, east by the rivers Des 
Moins and Mississippi, and south by Arkan- 
saw Territory. 

Face of the Country , — The face of the coun* 
try is generally level. 

Minerals , — The minerals are lead and salt. 

The lead mines of Missouri extend over a 
tract of country about 50 miles long and 25 
broad, a!*d are thought to be inexhaustible. 

Climate , — The climate is temperate and heal- 
thy. 

Soil , — The soil is in general very fertile. 

Productions , — The staple productions are 
cotton, rice and grain. 

Rivers , — The principal rivers are the Mis- 
souri, Mississippi and Osage. 

Towns , — The chief towns are St. Louis, St. 
Chari es, Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New 
Madrid. 

St. Louis is the capital and seat of govern- 
ment. 

Missouri was admitted into the Union in 1821. 

Length 2^0 miles, breadth 220: square miles, 
03,000. Population, 66,586. 

(luestions. 

Mow Is Missouri bouucled ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Missouri ? 

What is said respecting the extent of the lead mines ' 

Describe the climate. 

What is the quality of the soil t 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


9 ^ 

AVliich are the staple productions ? 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which are the chief towns ? 

When was Missouri admitted into the Union? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and populu- 
tion ? 

Qiiestions on the Map [Missouri). 

Name the towns in Missouri State situated near the 
mouth of the Missouri river. 

On what river is Fort Clark ? 

''Po what class of rivers does the Missouri belong ? 

Name the towns of Missouri situateel on the Mississippi 
river. 

What river forms a part of the northern boundary ^ 

Into what river does the Missouri empty ? 

Is New Madrid, St. Charles or Genevieve the more 
northerly ? 

Into what river do the Osage and Grand river empty ? 


MISSOURI TERRITORY. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north bj the British 
Possessions; east by North-Western Territory, 
Mississippi river and Missouri State; south by’’ 
Missouri State, Arkansaw Territory and Mexi- 
co; and west by the Pacific ocean. 

Mountains . — The principal chain of moun- 
tains are the Rocky or Stony Mountains, whicii 
divide the Missouri and Columbia rivers, and 
separate the waters which flow into the Pacific 
from those which empty into the x\tlantic ocean. 

Face of the Country . — The face of the coun- 
try generally is level, and abounds with prairies 


06 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


of natural meadows, which are entirely desti- 
tute of timber but are extremely fertile. 

Rivers , — The principal rivers are the Mis- 
souri and its numerous tributary streams, the 
principal of which are the Kanses, La Platte, 
Little Missouri, and Yellow Stone; which emp- 
ty into the Missouri by flowing in an easterly 
direction. 

The Columbia river flows towards the west, 
and empties into the Pacific ocean. The Mult- 
nomah, Lewis’ and Clark’s rivers, are large 
rivers tributary to the Columbia. 

Capes , — The capes are Disappointment, Look- 
out, Foulweather, Gregory and Oxford, on the 
coast of the Pacific ocean. 

The only inhabitants in this Territory are the 
Indians, excepting a few soldiers at a military 
station on the Missouri river. 

The Indian inhabitants are supposed to 
amount to the number of about 300,000. 

Length 1400 miles, breadth 650 ; square miles. 
800,000. 

Questions, 

How is Missouri Territory bounded? 

Which are the principal chain of mountains, and what 
is said of them ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

Name the two largest rivers. 

Name the principal rivers which flow into the Mia> 
souri. 

Name the principal rivers tributary to the Columbia. 

Which are the principal capes ? 

What is said of the inhabitants of Missouri Temtory " 

What is the length, breadth, and square miles ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


97 


INDEPENDENT INDIAN TRIBES WITHIN THE BOUN 
DARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The whole number of Indians within the li- 
mits of the United States is supposed to be 
about 400,000. 

A part of the Iroquois or Six Nations inhabit 
the western part of the State of New York, and 
have a population of about 5000. 

The Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw 
and Seminole Indians inhabit a part of Georgia, 
Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee and Florida, 
the united population of which is about 60,000. 

The Indians which inhabit parts of Ohio, In- 
diana, Illinois, Michigan and North-Western 
Territories, are chiefly Chippewans, and are es- 
timated at 35,000. 

Most of the tribes of Indians west of the Mis- 
sissippi are very little known. The names of 
the principal tribes are the Knisteneaux, Chip- 
pewan, Sioux, Snake, and Flathead Indians. 

The whole Indian population west of the Mis- 
sissippi is probably about 300,000. 

Questions, 

What number of Indians are included withiji tli' 
boundaries of the United States ? 

What Indians inhabit the State of New York, and wliat 
is their number ? 

Which of the United States do the Creek, Chero 
kee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole Indians inhabit, 
^ and what is their united population ? 

What Indians inhabit Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, 
and North-Western 'Ferritories, and what is theb' num 
her } 


I 


98 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


By what names are the principal Indian tribes west of 
the Mississippi known, and to what number is their 
united population supposed to amount ? 


BRITISH POSSESSIOJS^S IJY JV*ORTH 

AMERICA. 

The British Possessions in North America 
are Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, New 
Britain, and British North-Western Territory. 
Square miles, 2 , 660 , 000 . 


CANADA. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by New Britain, 
east by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, south by the 
United States, and west by the British North- 
Western Territory. 

Climate . — The climate of Canada in winter 
is severely cold. 

Soil . — The soil is generally productive, par- 
ticularly adjoining the river St. Lawrence and 
the lakes. 

Productions . — The staple productions are 
Mdieat and rye. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are the St. Law- 
rence and Utawas. The river Utawas forms 
the boundary between Upper and Lower Ca- 
nada. 

Lakes . — The principal lakes are Superior, 
Hu ron, Erie and Ontario. 

Gulfs . — The Gulf of St. Lawrence lies be- 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY, 99 

tween Lower Canada and the island of New- 
foundland. 

Islands , — The islands of Newfoundland, Cape 
Breton and St. John’s, lying in the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence, are attached to the government of 
Lower Canada. 

These islands are mostly barren, and chiefly 
resorted to on account of the immense quantity 
of codfish caught near them. 

Towns . — The chief towns are Quebec and 
Montreal, in Lower Canada; and York and 
Kingston in Upper Canada. 

Quebec is the capital of Lower Canada, and 
York of Upper. 

Population, 500,000. 

Questions. 

Name the British Possessions in North America, 

How is Canada bounded ? 

What is the climate of Canada ? 

What is said of the soil ? 

Which are the staple productions ? 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which are the principal lakes ? 

What gulf lies contiguous to Lower Canada ^ 

What islands are annexed to I.ower Canada, and ibr 
what are they chiefly resorted to ? 

Name the chief towns, and tell which are the capitals 
of Upper and Lower Canada. 

What is the population of Canada ? 

Questions on the Map (Canada). 

What river flows out of Lake Ontario into the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence ? 

To what class does the river St, Lawrence belong ? 

How are York and Kingston situated, and which is the 
more easterly ? 


100 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Where does the river Utawas empty? 

I'o what class of cities does Quebec belong, and on 
what river is it situated ? 

Is the island of Cape Breton or the island of Newfound- 
land tlie more easterly ? 

What town is situated near the southern extremity of 
the island of Newfoundland ? 

On what island is Louisbourg ? 

Wli ere is the bay and cape of Bonavista ? 

How is White Bay situated? 

What is the name of the island which lies south of the 
island of Cape Breton ? 


NEW BRUNSWICK- 

Boundaries , — Rouncled north bj Lower Ca- 
nada, east bj the Gulf of St. Lawrence, south 
bj the Bay of Fundy and Nova Scotia, and west 
by the United States. 

Climate . — The climate is cold, but not so se- 
vere as that of Canada. 

Soil . — The soil is generally productive. 

Frodiictions . — The staple productions are 
grain of various kinds. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are St. John^s 
and St. Croix. 

Towns . — The chief towns are Fredericks - 
town, and St. John’s. 

Length 210 miles, breadth 150 : square miles, 
30,000. Population, 80,000. 

Questions. 

How is New Brunswick b(.unded? 

What is said of the ciimatt, ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOCaiAPHY,. 



What is the qiiallty of tlie soil P 
Which are the staple productions ? 

Which arc tlie principal rivers? 

Which are the chief towns ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map (JS^* Brunswick), 

On what river are Frederickstown and the town of St. 
John’s situated? [On the river St. John’s.] 


NOVA SCOTIA. 

Boundaries, — Bounded north by the bay of 
Fundy and New Brunswick, east by the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence, south and w^est by the Atlantic. 

Climate, — The climate is similar to that of 
Nevv Brunswick. 

# Soil, — The soil is fertile and productive. 

Productions, — The staple productions are 
wheat, rye, &c. 

Bays, — The Bay of Fundy lies between Nova 
Scotia and New Brunswick, 

Capes, — Cape Sable is situated on the soutii i 
western extremity of Nova Scotia. 

Towns, — The chief towns are Halifax and 
Annapolis. 

Length 300 miles, breadth 200: square miles. 
60,000. Population, 100,000. 

Qiiestions, 

How is Nova Scotia bounded ? 

What is said of the climate ? 


i02 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


What is the quality of the soil? 

What bay is contig’uous to Nova Scotia ^ 

What cape ? 

Which are the chief towns? 

AVhat is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula* 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map {J\'*ova Scotia). 

How is Halifax situated, and to what class does It be- 
long ? 

On wdiat part of Nova Scotia is Cape Sable ? 


NEW BRITAIN. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north by Hudson’s 
Strait, east by the Atlantic, south by Canada, 
and west by Hudson’s Bay. 

The eastern part of New Britain is known by 
the name of Labrador. 

Climate. — The climate of New Britain is very 
dreary, and the winters are excessively severe. 

Straits. — The straits connected with New 
Britain are Hudson’s and Straits of Belleisle. 

Capes. — The capes are Chidley, St. Lewis, 
and Charles. 

New Britain is inhabited by Indians, with the 
exception of a few missionaries along the La- 
brador coast. 

Length 1400 miles, breadth 500: square miles, 
700,000, 

Questions. 

How is New Britain bounded ? 

By what name is the eustern part of New Britain 
called i* 


THK STUDY OF GTOGEAPH\. 


105 


What straits are connected with New Britain r 
What capes are situated on the coast of New Britain r' 
W’hat is said of the inhabitants ? 

What is the length, breadth, and square miles ? 

Questions on the Map Britain). 

To what bay does Hudson’s Strait lead ? 

How is Cape Chidley situated r 

What strait is situated between Labrador and tiie 
island of Newfoundland ? 

Where are Cape St. Lewis and Cape Charles ? 


BRITISH N. WESTERN TERRITORY. 

^ Boundaries . — Bounded north by tlie Northern 
i€ean, east by Baffin’s and Hudson’s Bay and 
Canada, south by the United States, and west 
by the Pacific ocean. 

Climate . — The climate of the greater part of 
this vast tract of country is excessively cold. 

Lakes . — This Territory is remarkable for its 
immense number of lakes, the principal of which 
are Slave Lake, Lake of the Hills, and Lake 
Winnipeg. 

Rivers . — The rivers are numerous and large. 
The principal are McKenzie’s, Peace, Church- 
hill, Nelson and Saskashawan. 

Productions . — The animals of this country 
produce great quantities of furs. 

This extensive region is inhabited only by In- 
dians, with the exception of the trading houses 
«7stabiished by the whites employed by the Brl 
tish fur companies 


104 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


(luestio7is. 

How is the British North-Western Territory bounded? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Which are the principal lakes ? 

Which are the principal rivers? 

What do the animals of the country produce ? 

Who are the inhabitants? 

Qiiestions on the Map {British JV*. W, Ter.). 

What river runs out of Slave Lake into the sea, seen 
by M‘Kenzie ? 

Where is Repulse Bay ? 

Where does Nelson’s river empty, and out of what 
lake does it flow? 

Into what lake does the Saskashawan river empty ? 

What two rivers empty into James’ Bay? 

Where is Chesterfield inlet ? 

Name the two rivers wliich empty into the Lake of 
the Hills. 

What cape and fort are situated near the mouth of 
Churchhlll river ? 

Where does Coppermine river empty? 

What is the name of the river which connects Slave 
Lake with the Lake of the Hills ? 


RUSSIAN POSSESSIONS. 

The Russian government possesses the north- 
west coast of North America west of the Rocky 
Mountains as far south as Portlock Harbour, 
together with the numerous clusters of islands 
contiguous to the coast in the Pacific ocean. 

The number of inhabitants, including about 
50,000 Indians, is estimated at 200,000: square 
miles, 1,100,000. 


1 HE STUDY OF GEOGKAildY. 1 05 

(liiestions. 

What part of the American continent is possessed by 
the Russians? 

What is the number of inhabitants ? 

Questions on the Map [Russian Possessions)^ 

How are Mount St. Elias and Fairweather situated r 
How is Portlock Harbour situated ? 

Where is Cook’s Inlet ? 

What island lies south of Portlock Harbour ? 

AVhere is Admiralty Bay ? 


> DANISH AMERICA, 

GREENLAND. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north by unexplored 
regions, south and east by the Atlantic, and 
west by Baffin’s Bay and Davis’ Straits. 

Greenland has hitherto been considered a 
part of America; but recent discoveries have 
rendered it probable that it is separated from 
that continent. 

Greenland is a cold, dreary region, only va- 
luable on account of the whale iishery on its 
coast. 

Greenland was known to Europeans before 
the discoveries made by Columbus, and was set- 
tied by a colony from Norway in the year 982. 

Cape . — Cape Farewell is the southern extre- 
mity of Greenland. 

Length 1260 miles, breadth 600: square miles. 
500,000. Population about 20,000. 


106 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Q^uestions, 

How is Greenland bounded ? 

Ts it probable that Greenland is separated from the 
eontincnt of America? 

What renders Greenland valuable ? 

In what year was Greenland settled by a colony from 
Norway ? 

W^hat cape is situated on the soutliern extremity of 
Greenland ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 


MEXICO, OR NEW SPAIN, 

INCLUDING THE PROVINCE OF YUCATAN. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by the United 
States ; east by the United States, Gulf of Mex- 
ico and Guatimala; and south and west by the 
Pacific ocean. 

Mountains . — The principal mountains are the 
Anahuac, forming a part of the chain known by 
the name of the Rocky Mountains. 

Face of the Country . — The face of the coun- 
try is extremely diversified. The most singular 
feature is the high plain or table land of Mexico, 
which is elevated more than 7500 feet above 
the level of the sea. 

Minerals . — The minerals are gold and silver 
in abundance. The silver mines of Potosi,^ in 
Mexico, are the most productive in the world. 


• Humboldt. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


lor 


Climate , — The climate in the northern part 
has severe winters, but in the southern part 
along the coast of the Pacific ocean and Gulf of 
Mexico the climate is excessively hot and un- 
healthy. The elevation of the table land of 
Mexico renders that part of the country tempe- 
rate and agreeable. 

Soil , — The greatest proportion of the country 
is fertile. 

Froductions , — The staple productions are 
grain, cotton and fruits. 

fivers . — The principal rivers are the Rio 
Bravo or Del Norte, Rio Grande, Colorado of 
Texas, and Colorado of the West. 

Lakes , — Chapala is the principal lake. 

Gulfs , — The gulfs connected with Mexico 
are those of Mexico and California. 

Capes , — The principal capes are St. Lucas, 
Mendocino, Verde and Roxo. 

Cities , — The chief cities are Mexico the capi- 
tal, Puebla, and Guanaxuato. 

Mexico was formerly subject to Spain, but 
the inhabitants have lately declared themselves 
independent. 

The Roman Catholic is the established re- 
ligion. 

Length 1820 miles, average breadth 800; 
square miles, 960,000. Population, 8,500,000.^ 

Questions, 

How is Mexico or New Spain bounded r 

Which are the principal mountains ^ 

Describe the face of the country. 


i08 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


What minerals abound in Mexico ? 

Wdiat is said respecting’ the climate • 

What is the quality of the soil ? 

Wliich are the staple productions? 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which is the principal lake ? 

What gulfs are connected with Mexico? 

Name the principal capes. 

Which are the chief cities ? 

To wl)at country was Mexico formerly subject ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map {^Mexico). 

What two rivers empty into the head of the Gulf of 
California ? 

What is the latitude and longitude of the city of 
Mexico ? 

In what latitude does the river Del Norte rise, what 
course does it flow, and where does it empty ? 

What river is connected with Lake Chapala ? 

Where is Cape Roxo ? 

WHiat is the latitude of Vera Cruz, and how is it si- 
tuated? 

What two cities are situated on the Rio Grande, and 
to what classes do they belong ? 

On wliat river is Santa Fee ? 

Wdiat is the name of the cape at the southern exti’e- 
mity of the peninsula of California? 

Is St. Louis Potosi or Zacatecas the more northerly ? 

In what part of Mexico are the plains of Neustra Se- 
nora de Luz ? 

How is Acapulco situated ? 

Is Culiacan or Diu’ango the more easterly? 

In wliat part of the Gulf of Mexico is the Bay of Gam- 
peachy r 

Where is the Volcano of Pococatapetl ? 

Is Oaxaca or Puebla the more northerly " 

How is Yucatan situated ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRArilY. 109 

Throng'll what part of Mexico, and in wliat direction, 
do the mountains of Anahuac extend? 

Wlieve is the island of Cosumcl ? 


GUATIMALA. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north by the province 
of Yucatan, east by the Caribbean Sea and Isth- 
mus of Darien, south-west by the Pacific, and 
west by Mexico. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the country 
along the coast is low and swampy, but the in- 
terior is excessively mountainous, and volcanoes 
are numerous. 

Minerals. — The minerals are gold and silver. 

Climate. — The climate is liot, and along the 
coast unhealthy. 

Soil. — The soil is fertile. 

Froductions. — The staple productions are 
grain, cochineal, and the best indigo made in 
America. 

The coast abounds with logwood, for the pur - 
pose of procuring which a British settlement 
has been established in the Bay of Honduras. 

Rivers. — The St. Juan and Veraoua are the 

. . , . & 

principal rivers. 

Lakes. — Nicaragua is the principal lake. 

Bays. — The principal bay is that of lion- 
duras. 

Gulfs. — The gulfs are Amatique, Fonsecri 
and Papagayo. 


K 


no 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Cafes , — The capes are Gracias a Dios, Hon- 
duras and Blanco. 

Towns . — The chief towns are Guatimala, 
Leon, Chiapi and Chiapi Real. 

Guatimala was formerly under the dominion 
of Spain, but is now in a revolutionary state. 

Length 1000 miles, breadth 200: square miles, 
200,000. Population, 2,000,000. 

Questions, 

How is Guatimala bounded? 

Describe the face of the country. 

Wliat are the minerals? 

What is said of the climate and soil? 

Which lU’e the staple productions ? 

Name the principal rivers and principal lake, 

Which are the principal gulfs and bay ? 

Name the capes. 

Wdiich are the chief towns ? 

To what country did Guatimala formerly belong ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map {Guatimala), 

What town is situated at the western extremity of Ni- 
caragua Lake, and to what class does it belong ? 

In what part of Guatimala is the Gulf of Amitique ? 

Where is Cape Blanco ? 

What town is situated near Cape Honduras ? 

How is Guatimala situated, and to what class does it 
belong ? 

Is Guatimala or Leon the more northerly ? 

Name the two gulfs on the side washed by the Pacific 
ocean. 

What two capes are situated east of the Gulf of Ami-^ 
tique? 

In what part is Lake Nicaragua, and wliat is the name 
of the river by which it empties into the Caribbean Sea - 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


m 


WEST INDIES. 

rhe name of West Indies is applied to a 
great number of fertile islands situated on the 
eastern side of the American continent, between 
North and South America, divided in four na- 
tural divisions or groups. 

J\'*atural Bivisions of the West Indies* 

The four largest of these islands, Cuba, St. 
Domingo, Jamaica and Porto Rico, are known 
by the name of the Great Antilles. 

The islands of Curacoa, Buen Ayre, Marga- 
ritta, and some others near the coast of South 
America, are called the Little Antilles. 

The other groups of the West Indies are the 
Bahamas or Lucayos and the Caribbee islands. 

The Virgin islands are included among the 
Caribbees. The Caribbee islands are also di- 
vided into Windward and Leeward. 

Climate . — The climate in winter is delight- 
ful, but in summer very hot, and to others than 
natives unhealthy. 

These islands are likewise subject to dreadful 
hurricanes, which sometimes destroy the build- 
ings and crops. 

Mountains . — The principal are the Blue 
Mountains of Jamaica, Pelee in Martinico, and 
Morne Garou of St. Vincent. 

Minerals . — The minerals are gold, talc and 
crystal. 


i 


AX EASY INTROBUCTiON TO 


Productions. — The staple productions are 
codec, sugar, cotton and fruits. 

Square iiviles, 120,000. Population about 3 
millions, of which at least three-fourths are 
slaves. 

Questions. 

IVHiat are the West Indies and how are they situated ? 

Name those islands which are called the Great An- 
tilles. 

What islands are distinguished by the name of Little 
Antilles ? 

What other groups of islands are there in the West 
Indies besides the Great and Little Antilles, and in which 
of those groups are the Ahrgin Isles included ^ 

How are the Carribbe Islands divided? 

What is said of the climate, and wdiat is the elfect of 
the hurricanes ? 

^Vhich are the principal mountains? 

IVliich are the minerals ? 

Wd\ich are the staple productions ? 

What is the number of square miles and population ? 

(Questions on the Map [West Indies). 

Wliich of the groups of islands which compose the 
West Indies is the most northerly ? 

Where is the Gulf of Florida ? 

Are the Great or Little Antilles the more northerly ? 

Which group of the West Indies lies farthest east ? 

Cetween w'hich of the islands is the Windward passage? 

Between which of these islands is the Mona passage ? 

Which of the Great Antilles is the most eastward!}" ? 

Which of the Great Antilles extends farthest south ? 

What large island lies south of P'lorida? 

What group of islands lies east of Florida ? 

Where are the Little Antilles situated? 

Which of the Great Antilles extends farthest south ? 

Which of the Great Antilles extends farthest north ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 




Political Divisions of the West Indies, 

SPANISH WEST INDIES. 

Of these islands Spain claims Cuba ami Porto 
Rico. 

CUBA. 

Cuba is the largest of the AVest Indies, and 
has a chain of mountains, but of no great eleva- 
tion, extending through its whole length from 
east to west, which is rich in gold mines. 

Cities , — The chief cities are Havana, Matan- 
zas, St. Jago de Cuba and Princippe. 

Length 800 miles, medium breadth, 70: square 
miles, 54,000. Population, 631,000. 

Questions. 

Vv’hich of the AVest Indies belong to Spain ? 

What is said of Cuba? 

Whicli arc the chief cities in this island? 

AVhat is the lengllt, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map [Cuba), 

On what parts of Cuba are Cape St. Antonio and Point 
de IMayoi ? 

On which side of the island are Havana and jMatanzas, 
and which is the more westwardly ? 

What cape is on the part of Cviba which extends far- 
thest south ? 

In what part of the island is Princippe situated ? 

Name tlie three snaill islands which are situated irear 
the south coast of Cuba. 



. U4 


AN KASY IXTKODUCIION TO 


PORTO RICO. 

Porto Rico is the fourth of the West Indies 
in size. St. Juan is the capital. 

This island is 100 miles long, and 50 broad: 
square miles, 5000. Population, 150,000. 

Questions. 

AVhat is said of Porto llico, and what town is its ca- 
pital ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion of Porto Rico ? 

(Questions on the Map [Porto Rico), 

On which side of Porto Rico is the town of St. Juan ? 

Name the small islands which are situated near Porto 
Rico. 


BRITISH WEST INDIES. 

The W'est India islands possessed by Great 
Britain are Jamaica, the Bahamas, the Virgin 
Isles, except St. Thomas and St. John’s, and the 
other Caribbee islands, except Guadaluupe, Ma- 
riegalante, Deseado, Martinico, St. Eustatia, 
Saba, St. Martin, St. Croix and St. Bartholo- 
mews. 

Jamaica is the third of the West Indies in 
size. Kingston is the capital. Length 150 
miles, breadth 40: square miles, 6000. Popula- 
tion, 400,000. 

The Bermuda islands, though not among the 
^Vest Indies, are usually spoken of in connexion 
with them. They lie east of Carolina, and be- 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 115 

long to Great Britain, with a population of about 
10,000: chief town St. George. 

The Bahamas or Lucayos islands are said to 
be about 500 in number, not more than twelve 
of which are of any considerable extent, and are 
all, except the island of Providence, nearly des- 
titute of inhabitants. 

Turk’s Ivslands, and some others, are remark- 
able for natural salt-ponds, in which great quan- 
tities of very fine salt are formed from the salt 
water evaporated by the heat of the sun. 

Population of the Bahamas about 15,000. 

(luestions. 

What is said of tlie Bermudas ? 

Which is the chief town, and what is the number of 
inhabitants ? 

Wliat is the number of the Bahama islands ? 

What is there remarkable respecting* Turk’s Isles ? 

AVliat is the population of tlie Bahamas? 

Questions on the Map {Bahama Islands). 

Is the Great Bahama or the island Abaco the more 
eastwardly ? 

Name the principal Keys nortli of Abaco. 

How is Exumia Sound situated ? 

What gulf is situated between the Andros Isles and 
New Providence? 

AVhere is the island of Eleuthera situated ? 

Is Guanahani or Exumia the more northerly ? 

AVhere is Santoren Channel ? 

AVhich of the Bahamas lie nearly north of St. Do 
mingo ? 

Is Crooked Island or Inague the more northerly ? 

AVhere is Old Bahama Channel ? 


ilb 


AN EASY IKTHODUCTION TO 


BRITISH CARIBBEE ISLANDS. 

Virgin Islands . — The principal of the Virgin 
islands are Tortula, Anegada and Virgin Gorda. 
Population of all three, 20,000. 

Anguilla is 30 miles long and 9 broad. 
Barbuda is 20 miles long and 12 broad. Po- 
pulation, 1500. 

St. Christopher’s or St. Kitt’s, is 15 miles long 
and 4 broad. Population, 30,000. 

Nevis is 3 miles long and 1 broad. Charles- 
town is the capital. 

Antigua is 20 miles long and 20 broad. Po- 
pulation, 40,000. St. John’s is the capital. 

Montserrat is 9 miles long and 7 broad. Po- 
pulation, 11,000. 

Dominica is 28 miles Ions; and 16 broad. 
Charlottetown is the capital. Population, 30,000. 
St. Lucia is 22 miles long and 21 broad. 

St. Vincent is 40 miles long and 10 broad. 
Kingston is the capital. Population, 30,000. 
The bread-fruit trees, brought from Otaheite to 
this island, thrive remarkably well. 

Barbadoes is 25 miles long and 14 broad. 
Bridgetown is the capital. Population, 100,000. 

Grenada is 20 miles long and 10 broad. St. 
George is the capital. Population, 31,000. 

Tobago is 32 miles long and 9 broad. Popu- 
lation, 20,000. 

Trinidad is 62 miles long and 45 broad. Port: 
de Espagne is the capital. Population, 25,000. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


117 


(liiestions. 

Name tliose of the Caribbee Islands which belong to 
Great Britain. 

Which are the principal of the Virgin Islands, and 
what is their population ? 

What is the extent of Anguilla? 

How large is Barbuda, and what number of inhabitants 
has it ? ' 

What is the length and breadth of St. Christopher’s, 
what town is its capital, and what number of inhabitants 
has it ? 

What is the extent of Nevis, and which is the chief 
town ? 

How large is Antigua, which is the chief town, and 
what population has it ? 

What is the extent of Montserrat, and what is the 
number of inhabitants ? 

What is the length and breadth of Dominica, what 
town is the capital, and what is its population ? 

How large is St. Lucia ? 

What is the extent of St. Vincent, what town is the 
capital, and what number of inhabitants has it ? 

What is the length and breadth of Barbadoes, what 
town is the capital, and what number of inhabitants has 
it ? 

How large is Grenada, what town is the capital, and 
how many inhabitants has it ? 

How large is Tobago, and what is its population ? 

What is the length and breadth of Trinidad, w^hat town 
is the capital, and what is the population ? 

Quest ions on the Map {British Carihhee Islands)^ 

What cluster of islands lies east of Porto Rico ? 

Is St. Christopher or Anguilla the more northerly ? 

Is St. Vincent or Barbadoes the more easterly ? 

How is Trinidad situated? 

What are the names of the two entrances to the Gulf 
of Paria 


118 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Name some of the small islands between Grenada and 
St. Vincent. 

How is Tobago situated with respect to Trinidad ? 


FRENCH WEST INDIES. 

The islands of the West Indies under the do- 
minion of France are Guadaloiipe,Mariegalante, 
Deseado and Martinico. 

Guadaloupe is 45 miles long and 38 broad, 
and is divided into two parts by a natural canal 
called Salt river. Bassaterre is the capital. 
Population, 1 15,000. 

Mariegalante is 16 miles long and 4 broad. 
Population, 15,000. 

Deseado is 10 miles long and 5 broad. Popu- 
lation, 900. 

Martinico is 60 miles long and SO broad. 
Chief towns Port Royal and St. Pierre. Popu- 
lation, 100,000. 

Questions. 

Which of the West India Islands belong to France ? 

What is the extent of Gaudaloupe ? 

What town is its capital, and what is its population ? 

How large is Mariegalante, and what is its population ? 

What is the length and breadth of Deseado, and what 
number of inhabitants has it ? 

What is the extent of Martinico, which are its chief 
towns, and what is the number of its inhabitants? 

Questions on the Map [French TV. Indies). 

Are Mariegalante and Deseado east or west of Gauda^ 
loupe ? 

Is Gaudaloupe or Martinico the more northerly ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


119 


DUTCH WEST INDIES. 

The Dutch West Indies are St. Eustatia, 
Saba and St. Martin, among the Caribbees ; Cu- 
racoa, the principal of the Little Antilles; and 
Buen Aire. 

St. Eustatia is 10 miles long and 5 broad. 
Population, 20,000. 

Saba is 4 miles long and 2 broad. Popula- 
tion, 1600. 

St. Martin’s is 25 miles long and 9 broad. 
Curacoa is 30 miles long and 10 broad. 

Buen Aire is a small island dependent on Cu- 
racoa. 

Questions, 

Which of the West Indies do the Dutch possess? 
What is the length, breadth, and population, of St. 
Eustatia ? 

How large is Saba, and what population has it ? 

What is the extent of St. Martin’s? Of Curazoa? 
What is said of Buen Aire? 

Questions on the Map {Dutch W. Indies), 

Where is St. Martin’s situated ? 

Is Saba or St. Eustatia the more northerly? 

Is Curacoa or Buen Aire the more easterly? 


DANISH WEST INDIES. 

The islands of St. Thomas, St. John’s and St 
Croix belong to Denmark. 

St. Thomas is about 30 miles in circum- 
ference, 


120 AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 

St. Croix is 30 miles long and 10 broad. Po 
pulation, 33,000. 

St. John’s is 5 miles long and 1 broad. 

(luestions. 

Which of the West Indies belong to Denmark? 

How large is St. Thomas ? 

What is the extent of St. Croix, and what is its popu 
lation ? 

What is the length and breadth of St. John’s? 

Questions on the Map {Danish TV. Indies). 

Is St. Thomas or St. John’s the more northerly ^ 
What cluster of islands lies north of St. Croix t 


SWEDISH WEST INDIES. 

Sweden claims the island of St. Bartholomew 
or St. Barts. This island is 6 miles long and 
3 broad. 

Questions. 

Which of the West India Islands belongs to Sweden? 
What is the extent of St. Barts? 

Questions on the Map {Swedish TV. Indies). 

To which of the other islands is St. Bartholomew’s 
nearest ? 


COLOMBIAN WEST INDIES. 

The island of Margaritta belongs to the Re^ 
public of Colombia. 

Margaritta is 30 miles in circumference. Po 
pulation, 14,000. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


in 

(luestions. 

Which of the "West Indies belong* to the Republic of 
Colombia ? 

How large is Margaritta, and what population has itr 

Question on the Map [Col, TV, Indies), 

How is the Island of Margaritta situated ? 


ST. DOMINGO. 

St. Domingo, Hayti or Hispaniola, is the se- 
cond of the West Indies in size, and was for- 
merly divided between the French and Spa- 
niards. 

In 1791 the negro slaves in the French part 
rose against tlieir masters, and succeeded in ex- 
pelling them from the island. 

In 1821 the Spanish part fell likewise under 
the dominion of the blacks, who are now in 
peaceable possession of the whole island. 

The chief cities are Port au Prince, St. Do- 
mingo and Cape Henry. 

Length 390 miles, medium breadth 100 
square miles, 40,000. Population, 1,000,000. 

Questions, 

In what year did the blacks obtain possession of the 
French part of St. Domingo ? 

In what year did the Spanish part fall under the do^ 
minion of the blacks? 

Which are the chief cities in St. Domingo? 

What is tlie length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 






AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Questions on the Map [St. Domingo u 

On what part of the island is the city of St. Domingo ? 
Name the capes along the north coast ? 

Is Port ail Prince or Cape Francois the more northerly ? 
Where is Cape St. Nicholas? 

Name the two capes situated on the most western ex- 
tremity of St. Domingo. 

On wliat part of the island are Gonaives and St. 
Mare ? 

Name the capes situated on the southern coast. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 

Boundaries , — Bounded north bj the Carib- 
bean sea, east by the Atlantic, south by the 
Southern ocean, and west by the Pacific. 

Climate , — The climate of South America is 
so various as to embrace almost every extreme 
of heat and cold. The mountains, though under 
the equinoctial line, are covered with perpetual 
snow. 

Mountains , — The principal chains of moun- 
tains are the Andes and Brazilian. 

The extent and general elevation of the An- 
des surpass that of any other chain on the globe. 

The Andes extend from the most northerly 
part of South America to the Straits of Ma- 
gellan, a distance of more than 4500 miles. 

In this chain several volcanoes are constant- 
ly in operation. 

Minerals , — Almost every portion of South 
America abounds with the most valuable mine 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 12^ 

rals. Gold, silver, quicksilver, diamonds and 
other metals are found in abundance. 

Rivers . — The rivers of South America are of 
a vast length and magnitude. 

The Amazon, the largest river in the world, 
is 4000 miles in length, and at its mouth is 180 
miles broad. 

The La Plata, the next in magnitude, is so 
broad at the citj of Buenos Ayres, 300 miles 
from its mouth, that the opposite shore cannot 
be discerned. 

The other principal rivers are the Orinoco, 
Magdalena, St. Francis and Tocantines. 

The greatest length of South America from 
Cape Vela, lat. north, to Cape Horn, lat. 
south, is about 4800 miles. 

Its greatest breadth is from Cape St. Roque 
to Cape Bianco in lat, 5° south, upwards of 
forty-five degrees of longitude, or more than 
3100 miles. Square miles, 6 millions. Popula- 
tion, 17 millions, of which 7 millions are inde- 
pendent Indians. 

The divisions of South America are. Republic 
of Colombia, Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Chili, United 
Provinces of La Plata and Pata«;onia. 

tluestlons. 

How is South America bounded r 

What is said of tlie climate ? 

What is said of the Andes ? 

What is said of tlie minerals ? 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

What is the leng'th, breadth, square miles and popula- 
tion of South America ? 

Name the divisions of South America. 


124 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA. 

Boundaries , — Bounded north by the Atlantic, 
east by Guiana, south by Peru, and west by the 
Pacific ocean. 

The Republic of Colombia includes the pro- 
vinces of New Granada and Venezuela. 

Climate , — The climate of the interior is plea- 
sant, but along the sea-coast it is hot and un- 
healthy. 

Mountains , — The mountains are the northern 
part of the Andes. Chimborazo, near the city 
of Quito, is the most elevated part, and is 21,440 
feet above the level of the sea. 

Face of the Country , — The face of the coun- 
try is in general mountainous, and so elevated 
that the tops of the mountains are covered with 
perpetual snow. 

Minerals , — The minerals are gold and silver 
in abundance. 

Gulfs , — The gulfs are those of Darien, Pa- 
nama, Buenaventura, Guayaquil, and the Gulf 
or Lake Maracaybo. 

Rivers , — The principal rivers are Orinoco, 
Magdalena and Cuaca. 

Islands , — The principal island belonging to 
Colombia is that of Margaritta. 

Capes , — The capes are St. Francis and Vela. 

Soil and Productions , — The soil is fertile, 
and produces grain, cotton, tobacco, sugar, cof- 
fee and indigo. 

CHies,~T\\Q principal cities are Quito, the 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


125 


capital, St. Fee de Bogota, Caraccas, Barcelona, 
Carthagena and Panama. 

Religion . — The inhabitants are Roman Ca- 
tholics. 

Governnient . — This country was formerly sub- 
ject to Spain, but the inhabitants have declared 
themselves independent and established a libe- 
ral representative government. 

Length 1200 miles, breadth 800 : square miles, 
1,100,000. Population, 2,645,000. 

(Questions. 

How is the Republic of Colombia bounded? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Which are the principal mountains in the Republic of 
Colombia ? 

Describe the fiice of the country. 

WOiat minerals are found in Colombia ? 

Which are the principal g-iilfs ? 

Wdiich are the principal rivei’s ? 

Which is the most considerable island? 

Name the principal capes. 

What is said of the soil and productions? 

Name the principal cities. 

What is the religion ? 

What is said of the government? 

What is the length, breadtli, square miles, and popu 
lation ? 

Qiiestions on the Map (Colombia). 

How is Carthagena situated ? 

On which side of the Isthmus of Darien is the Gulf of 
Darien ? 

AVhat is the latitude of Cape Vela, the most northerly 
point of South America ? 

Name the towns and cities situated on the coast be- 
tween Lake Maracaybo and the mouth of the Orinoco, 

How is Carthagena situated ? 


126 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


On which side of the Isthmus of Darien is the Gulf of 
Panama ? 

Wiiat course does the Magdalena flow, and where 
does it empty ? 

On what river is St. Fee de Bogota? 

Is Quito situated nortli or south of the equator, and to 
what class does it belong ? 

AVhere is Tape St. Francisco? 

How are Panama and Porto Bello situated ? 

M'hat course do th.e Yea and Napo rivers flow, and 
into what river do thev emptv ? 

What cities in the llepiiblic of Colombia belong to the 
fifih class? 

What course does the Orinoco river flow, where does 
it empty, and to what class does it belong ? 

Is the province of New Granada or Venezuela the 
more eastu ardlv ? 

Is La Guira or Caraccas the more northerly ? 

Is Merida or Truxillo the more southerly ? 

Is Core or Porto Cabello the more easterly ? 

What cities and towns are situated near the parallel of 
10*^ north latitude ? 

Near what gulf are the cities of Cuenca and Guay- 
aquil ? 


GUIANA. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north and east by the 
Atlantic, south by the river Amazon, and west 
by the Republic of Colombia. 

Guiana is possessed by the English, Dutch, 
French and Portuguese. 

English Guiana is sometimes known by the 
name of Demerara, Dutch Guiana by Surrinam, 
and French Guiana by Cayenne. Portuguese 
Guiana is included in Brazil. 

Climate . — The climate along the coast is ge- 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


m 

nerally hot and unhealthy, but inland the air is 
temperate and salubrious. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the coun- 
try along the coast is low, but the interior is 
elevated and intersected by chains of moun- 
tains. 

Minerals. — The minerals found in Guiana are 
gold, silver and lead. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Esse- 
quibo, Berbice, Maroui, Corantyn and Rio Ne- 
gro. 

Capes. — The principal capes are Orange and 
North. 

Soil and Productions. — The soil of Guiana is 
very fertile, and produces sugar, coffee and cot- 
ton. 

Cities, ^c. — The chief towns are Demerara, 
Paramaribo and Cayenne. 

Length 500 miles, breadth 400 : square miles, 
200,000. Population, whites, 20,000 : negro 
slaves, 180,000. 

Questions. 

How Is Guiana bounded? 

T'o what nations does Guiana belong? 

By what names are English, French and Dutch Guiana 
sometimes known ? 

What is said of the climate of Guiana ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Guiana? 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which are the principal capes? 

What is said of the soil and productions ? 

Which are the chief towns ? 


AN EASY INTllODUCTION TO 


AVha.t is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

(luestions on the Map (Guiana). 

What town is situated near the mouth of the river 
Berbice ? 

Is Cape North or Cape Orange the more southerly ? 
What town is situated on the coast north of Capo 
Orange ? 

Into what river does the Rio Negro flow ? 


BRAZIL. 

RoMwtZaries.— Bounded north by the river 
Amazon and Guiana, east and south by the At- 
lantic, and west by Peru and the United Pro- 
vinces of La Plata. 

Climate . — The climate is generally temperate 
and healthful, the heat being tempered by the 
sea breezes. 

Face of the Country . — The face of the country 
is remarkably variegated with mountains, rivers 
and prairies. 

Minerals . — The minerals found in Brazil are 
gold, silver and diamonds. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are the Ama- 
zon, Madeira, Chingu, Tocantines and St. 
Francis. 

Islands . — The principal islands are Marajo, 
Maranham and St. Catherine. 

Capes . — Cape St. Roque is the most noted 
cape. 

Soil and Productions . — The soil is fertile, and 
produces wheat, rye, sugar, coffee, cocoa, indigo, 
tobacco, pepper and cochineal. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 1£9 

Cities, — The principal cities are Rio Janeiro 
the capital, St. Salvador and Pernambuco. 

Religion, — The Roman Catholic is the esta 
blished religion. 

Government, — Brazil is divided into 12 cap- 
tain-generalships, the most important of which 
are Rio Janeiro, Minas Geraes, Pernambuco and 
Maranham. This vast country was formerly 
subject to Portugal, but is now in a revolution- 
ary state. 

Length 2500 miles, breadth 2000; square 
miles, 3 millions. Population, 2| millions. 

Questions. 

How is Brazil bounded ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Brazil ? 

Which are the principal rivei-s ? 

Which are the principal islands ? 

Which is the most noted cape ? 

What is said of the soil and productions ? 

Which are the principal cities ? 

What is the religion ? 

W'hat is said of the government ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

Questions on the Map {Brazil), 

What large river empties into the Atlantic under the 
equator, and in longitude 50° west ? 

How is the island of Marajo situated ? 

AVhat is the latitude and longitude of Cape St. Roque ? 

AVhat is the latitude and longitude of Rio Janeiro, and 
to what class docs it belong ? 

AYhere is the island of Maranham ^ 


130 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Name the cities and towns situated on the coast of 
Brazil, between Cape St. Roque and Rio Janeiro. 

Name the captain-generalships of Brazil lying along 
the coast south of that of Ceara. 

How is the captain-generalship of Para situated? 

Name the rivers which empty into the Amazon, be- 
tween tlie Madeira and Tocan tines. 

In which of the provinces of Brazil is tlie diamond 
country ? 

What course does the river St. Francis flow, and 
where does it empty ? 

To what class do Rio Janeiro and St. Salvador belong, 
and by what other names are they sometimes called ? 

To what class do the rivers Madeira and Tocantines 
belong ? 

Where are the cities of Para and St. Felip situated, 
and to what classes do they belong ? 


PERU. 

Boundaries , — Bounded north by the Republic 
of Colombia, east by Brazil and the United Pro- 
vinces of La Plata, south by the United Pro- 
vinces of La Plata, and west by the Pacific 
ocean. 

Climate , — The climate is temperate and heal- 

tiij. 

Mountains , — The Andes run from north to 
south along the coast of the Pacific ocean, and 
though situated nearly under the equator, are 
so elevated that the tops of them are always co- 
vered with snow. 

Face of the Country , — The face of the country 
is generally mountainous. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


ir>i 


Jlinerals . — The minerals are gold, silver, 
mercury, copper and lead. 

Rivers . — The rivers are the head waters of 
the Amazon. 

Soil and Productions , — The soil of the valleys 
is very fertile, and the country produces grain, 
cotton, sugar and fruits. 

Cities , — The chief cities are Lima, Cusco, 
Guamanga and Arequipa. 

Religion , — The religion is the Roman Ca- 
tholic. 

Government , — This country was subject to 
Spain, has been distracted by civil wars, and is 
now in a revolutionary state. 

Length 1000 miles, breadth 500: square miles, 
500,000. Population, 1,080,000. 

Questions. 

How is Peru bounded ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

What mountains are there in Peru ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

Which are the principal minerals? 

What is said of the soil and productions ? 

Name the principal cities. 

What is the prevailing religion ? 

What is said of the government? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

Questions on the Map {Peru), 

Where is Lake Rogaguade, and what rivers flow from 
it ? 

What desert is situated between Pern and Chili ? 

What course does the Ucayale river flow, and into 
what other river does it empty ? 


13:2 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


M'hat city and towns are situated on the coast ? 

I’o what class do Cusco and Areqiiipa belong* ? 

What city is the capital and seat of government of 
Peru, how is it situated, and to what class does it be- 
long ? 


CHILL 

Boundaries* — Bounded north by Peru, east 
by the United Provinces of La Plata and Pata- 
gonia, south by Patagonia, and west by the Pa- 
cific ocean. 

Climate. — The climate is pleasant, tempe- 
rate and healthy. 

Mountains. — The Andes separate Chili from 
the provinces of La Plata. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the country 
is mountainous and picturesque. 

Minerals. — The minerals are gold, silver, 
copper, lead and quicksilver. 

Islands. — The islands of Juan Fernandez, St. 
Felix, St. Ambrose and Chiloe, are situated near 
the coast of Chili. 

Soil and Productions. — The soil is very fer- 
tile, and produces grain and fruits in great abun- 
dance. 

Cities. — The principal cities are Santiago, 
Valparaiso and Conception. 

Religion. — The inhabitants profess the Ro- 
man Catholic reli 2 :ion. 

Government. — Chili was formerly subject to 
Spain, but is now independent of that nation. 

Length 1000 miles, breadth 170: square miles, 
180,000. Population, H million. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 



Questions* 

How is Chill bounded ? > 

What is said of the climate ? 

What chain of mountains separate Chili from the pro= 
vinces of La Plata ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Chili ? 

What islands are contiguous to Chill ? 

What is said of the soil and productions ? 

Which are the principal cities ? 

What is the prevailing religion ? 

What is said of the government ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles and popU" 
lation ? 

Questions on the Map (Chili), 

Name the cities and towns situated on the coast of 
Chili. 

Is the city of Santiago or Chilian the more northerly ? 
What is the latitude of Coquimbo ? 

What city is the capital and seat of government, and 
to what class does it belong ? 

How is the island of Chiloe situated ? 


UNITED PROVINCES OF LA PLATA. 

Boundaries, — Bounded north by Peru, east 
by Brazil, south by the Atlantic ocean and Pa- 
tagonia, and west by Peru, Chili and the Pacific. 

Climate, — The climate is mild and agreeable. 

Mountains, — The mountains are the Andes, 
which separate this country from Peru and 
Chili. 

Face of the Country, — The face of the country 
is agreeably variegated with hills, valleys and 
prairies of great extent. 

M 


134 


AN EASV INTRODUCTION TO 


Minerals. — The minerals are gold and silver 
in abundance, with copper, tin and lead. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the La 
Plata, Paraguay, Uraguay and Parana. 

Cafes . — The principal capes are St. Maria 
and St. Antonio. 

Soil and Productions. — The soil is generally 
fertile, but little cultivated. In the prairies are 
found innumerable herds of cattle, which run 
wild, and are hunted for their skins only, which 
form the principal article of trade. 

Cities. — The principal cities are Buenos 
Ayres, Potosi and La Plata, 

Religion. — The Roman Catholic is the esta- 
blished religion. 

Government.— li\\\s country was formerly a 
Spanish province, but declared itself indepen- 
dent and established a republican form of go^ 
vernment. 

Length 1800 miles, breadth 900: square miles, 
1,300,000. Population, 2 millions. 

Questions. 

How are the United Provinces of La Plata bounded ? 

Describe the climate. 

What mountains separate the United Provinces of La 
Plata from Peru and Chili ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

W^hich are the principal minerals ? 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which are the principal capes ? 

What is said of the soil and productions r 

Name the principal cities. 

What is the religion ^ 

What is said of the government r 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 136 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

Questions on the Map [La Plata), 

How is the city of Buenos Ayres situated ? 

What cities are situated on Lake I'iticaca ? 

What parts of this country are called the Banda Orien- 
tal and Entre Rios ? 

To what class do Buenos Ayres, Potosi and Monte 
Video belong ? 

On what river are St. Fee and Assumption situated ? 

What capes are situated at the entrance of the Rio de 
la Plata ? 

What course does the Rio de la Plata flow, and to 
what class does it belong ? 


PATAGONIA. 

Boundaries , — Bounded north by the United 
Provinces of La Plata, east by the Atlantic, 
south by the Straits of Magellan, and WTst by 
Chili and the Pacific ocean. 

Patagonia is a very cold, dreary and barren 
country, inhabited by Indians. 

Mountains , — The Andes terminate in Pata- 
gonia. 

Straits , — The Straits of Magellan separate 
the island of Terra del Fiiego from Patagonia. 

Islands , — The islands lying near the southern 
extremity of South America are Terra del Fuego, 
Madre de Dios, Staten land, Falkland islands, 
Aurora islands and the island of Georgia. 

The coast of Patagonia and the islands above 
mentioned, abound with seals, for the purpose 
of taking which they are principally visited. 


136 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Length 900 miles, breadth 300 ; square miles, 
250,000. Population unknown, 

Questions, 

How is Patagonia bounded ? 

What extensive range of mountains terminate in Pata-. 
gonia ? 

What does the Straits of Magellan separate ? 

Name the islands contiguous to Patagonia ? 

For what purpose is Patag'onia and the adjacent islands 
chiefly visited ? 

What is the length, breadth, and square miles r 

Questions on the Map (Patagonia), 

What strait separates Terra del Fuego from Staten 
Land ? 

Where are Capes Horn and Pillar situated ? 

Are the Falkland Isles or the island of Georgia the 
more eastwardly ? 

Where is the island of Madre de Dios situated ? 


A Table of Mount ainSy Rivers and Cities in 
America, arranged in Classes, ivith their re- 
spective elevation, length and population an- 
nexed. 


AMERICAN MOUNTAINS. 


FEET. 


First Class, 


None, 


Secoiid Class. 

Chimborazo 21440 

Third Class. 


FEET. 

Antissana 19150 

Volcano Cotopaxi 18864 
Mount St. Elias 17850 
Vole. Pococatapetl 17710 
Vole. Pinchinca 15840 

Fourth Class, 

Mount Fairweather 14900 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY, 


0 / 


FEET. 

Fifth Class* 

€ity of Quito 9500 

City of Mexico 7470 

•• 

Blue Mountains, Jam. 7430 
City of Puebla 7200 

WhiteMountainsN.H. 6634 
Rocky Mts.probabl\ 
Blaaserk, Greenland 3 


FEET. 

Sixth Class. 

Moose Hillock, N. H. 4636 
Mts. of Venezuela 4500 
Table Mountain, S.C. 4000 
Otter Peak, Va. 3955 
Catskill Mts. N.Y. 3804 
Wachusset Mass. 2990 


AMERICAN RIVERS. 

MILES. 


First Class* 
Amazon 

Mississippi with the 
Missouri 
Missouri 
Arkansaw 
Mackenzie’s riyer 
Rio del Norte 
Rio de la Plata, with 
the Paraguay j 
Second Class. 
Orinoco 
jMadeira 
Tocanlines 
I.a Platte 
Red river 
Columbia river 
Nelson’s river 
White river 
Tennessee 
Yellow Stone 
Ucayale 


4000 

4000 
3000 

\2000 


VI 500 




1200 

1100 


Magdalena 
St. Francisco 
Chingu 
Colorado 
Ohio 

Peace river 


?nLES. 


Third Class. 


Lewis’ river 

Clark’s river 

Parana 

Multnomah 

Salado 

Negro 

Topayos 

Saskashawan 

Pilcomayo 

Potomac 

Cumberland 

Osage 

James 

Utawas 

Altamaha 

Apalachicola 

Wabash 

Yupura 


900 


800 


i 

1 

t 

j 

1 

V 600 

I 

J 


500 


Fourth Class. 
Alabama 
Pedee 
Santee 

*^1000 Tombigbee 
Savannah 
Siisquehannah 
Connecticut 
M 2 


450 


J 


410 


138 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Alleghany 

Kenhawa 

Illinois 

Cape Fear 

Roanoke 

Hudson 

Fifth Class* 

Delaware 

Monongahela 

Shenandoah 

Yazoo 

Meri’imack 



295 

280 

250 

230 

200 


Penobscot 

Miami 

Licking 

Kennebeck 

Housatonic 

Androscog^n 

Schuylkill 

Sciota 

Mohawk 

Gennessee 

Rappahannock 

Lehigh 

Onion 

Passaic 


MILES. 


200 

170 

150 



AMERICAN CITIES. 


inhab’s. 
First Class. 

None. 

Second Class. 

None. 

Third Class. 


Mexico 

137000 

Rio Janeiro 

130000 

New York 

123706 

Philadelphia 7 

St. Salvador S 

120000 

Fourth Class. 

Guanaxuato 

Havana 

70600 

Puebla 

Quito 

^70000 

Baltimore 
Buenos Ayres 

^ 62627 

Lima * 

Potosi 

L 62000 


INHAB^S. 

Fifth Class. 


St. Jago, Chili 

46000 

Boston 

43000 

St. Fee de Bogota 
St. Jago de Cuba j 
New Orleans ' 

>40000 


Zacatecas 
Kingston, Jamaica 
Pernambuco 
Cusco 

St. Juan, P. Rico 
Caraccas 
Cuyaba 
Arequipa 
Carthagena 
Popayan 
St. Felipe 
Charleston 

Sixth Class, 

Carthagena, R. C. 24000 
Mendoza 21000 


^ 33000 
^ 32000 



THE STUDY OP GEOGRAPHY. 


139 



INHAB s. 

La Paz 
Paramaribo 
Villa Rica 


Cape Henry 
St. Paul 

>■ 20000 

Guatimala 


Guayaquil 
Cliiapi de loslndos^ 


St. Juan de Frontera 19000 

Montreal 

1876r 

Monte Video "j 

Quebec ^ 

^ 18000 

Oropesa 

17000 

Cholula 

Vera Cruz j 

J 16000 

Halifax \ 

Port au Prince ] 

[ 15000 

La Plata 

14000 

Washington, D. C. 

13322 

Salem 

12731 

Albany 

12630 

Richmond 

12067 

Durango 7 

St. Domingo 5 

12000 

Merida, Venezuela 

11500 

Monterry 

11000 

Providence 

10071 

Merida, Yucatan 
Panama ^ 

10000 

Orurilla { 

St. Thomas ' 

Cincinnati J 

> 10000 

LARGE TOWNS. 

Portland, Maine 

8531 

Stabroeck, Guiana 

8500 

Norfolk, Va. 

8478 

Wilmington, Del, 

8355 


lyHAB’s. 

Alexandria, D. C. 

8150 

Newark, N. J. 

8008 

Newport, R. I. 

7907 

Truxillo, Ven. 

7600 

Savannah 

7520 

Georgetown 
Porto Cabello S 

Lancaster, Pa. 

7363 

Pittsburgh 

7248 

New Haven, Conn. 

7147 

Matanzas, Cuba 

7000 

Portsmouth, N. H. 

6934 

Hartford, Conn. 

6901 

Nantucket 

6807 

Newburyport 

6737 

Petersburgh, Va. 
Laguira 
Truxillo, Peru 
Campeachy 

6286 

Cayenne 

Newbern 

Cordova 

Augusta, Geo. ^ 

^>6000 

Marblehead 

5900 

New Bedford 

5755 

Lynch burgh 

5500 

Lexington, Ken. 
Spanish Town, Jam. 
Frederickstown N 

5279 

5000 


SMALL TOWNS. 
Reading, Pa. 4332 

St. Louis, Miss. 4123 

Louisville, Ken. 4012 

Norwich, Conn. 3634 

New London 3330 

Wilmington, N. C. 2600 

Liverpool, Nov. Sco. 2500 


140 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


EASTERN CONTINENT. 

The Eastern Continent includes Europe, Asia 
and Africa. 

EUROPE. 

Boundaries , — Bounded north by the Northern 
ocean, east by Asia, south by the Mediterranean 
sea, and west by the Atlantic. 

Climate . — The climate of the southern part 
of Europe is warm, the middle temperate, and 
the cold in the northern part is not so intense 
as in the same latitude in Asia and America. 

Mountains . — The principal mountains in Eu- 
rope are the Alps, Pyrennees, Appenines, Car- 
pathian, Dofrafield and Uralian. 

Seas . — The most considerable seas of Europe 
are the Mediterranean, Baltic, Black, White and 
Archipelago. 

Gulfs . — The principal gulfs are those of Both- 
nia, Finland, Riga and Venice. 

Straits . — The principal straits are those of 
' Dover and Gibraltar 

Bivers . — The principal rivers are the Rhine, 
Dneiper, Dneister, Don and Volga. 

Islands . — The principal islands belonging to 
Europe are Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Sar- 
dinia, Sicily and Candia. 

Capes . — The principal capes of Europe are 
North Cape, Naze, Land’s End, Cape Clear, La 
Hogue, Finisterre, St. Vincent and Matapan. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY* I4l 

Religion * — The Christian religion is that 
which prevails in Europe under the names of 
Roman, Greek and Protestant churches. 

Length 3600 miles, breadth 2200: square 
miles, 3 millions. Population, 200 millions. 

Europe contains the following countries, viz. 
The United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ire- 
land, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Turkey, 
Switzerland, Germany, Netherlands, Austria, 
Prussia, Russia, Poland, Denmark, Sweden and 
Norway. 

Questions^ 

How is Europe bounded ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Which are the principal mountains? 

Which are the most considerable seas? 

Name the principal gulfs. 

Which are the principal straits ? 

Name the largest rivers. 

Wdiich are the largest islands belonging to Europe ? 

Name the principal capes. 

What is the religion of Europe? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

What countries does Europe contain ? 


UNITED KINGDOMS OF GREAT BRI- 
TAIN AND IRELAND. 

The United Kingdoms include the islands of 
Great Britain and Ireland. 

Great Britain is remarkable for the number 
of her ships, the amount of her commerce, and 


142 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


manufactures, in all of which she has never been 
equalled by any nation on the globe. 

Government, — The government of the United 
Kingdoms is a limited monarchy. 

Square miles, 112,000. Population 21,000,000. 

Questions. 

What two large islands do the United Kingdoms in- 
clude ? 

For vvliat is Great Britain chiefly remarkable ? 

What is the government of the United Kingdoms ? 

What is the number of square miles and population ? 


ENGLAND, 

INCLUDING WALES. 

Boundaries, — England is the southern part of 
the island of Great Britain, and is bounded north 
by Scotland, east by the German ocean, south 
by the British Channel and Straits of Dover, and 
west by St. George’s Channel and the Irish sea. 

Climate, — The climate of England is variable, 
but moist and humid. 

Face o f the Country. — The face of the country 
is beautifully variegated, and abounds with ele- 
gant scenery. 

Minerals. — The principal minerals are coal, 
lead and tin. 

Rivers and Canals. — The principal rivers are 
the Thames, Severn, Humber, Medway and 
Mersey. 

The canals are very numerous, and intersect 
the country in almost every direction. 


rilE STUDY OF GEOGItAPHY, 14S 

Islands . — The islands belonging to England 
are the Isle of Man in the Irish sea, Wight, Jer- 
sey, Guernsey, Alderney and Sark near the 
coast of France, and the Scilly islands. 

Soil . — The soil is fertile and well cultivated, 
and produces the different kinds of grain. 

Chief Cities . — The chief cities are London, 
Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham and Bristol. 

London, the capital, is the most populous city 
in Europe. 

In the cities of Oxford and Cambridge are 
celebrated universities. 

Religion . — The Protestant Episcopal Church 
is establisUed by law, but all religious sects are 
tolerated. 

Length 400 miles, medium breadth 150 : 
square miles, 50,000. Population, 12 millions. 

Of Wales, square miles, 8125. Population, 
720,000. 

Questions. 

How is England bounded? 

What is the climate of England? 

Describe the face of the country. 

Which are the principal minerals? 

Which are the principal rivers in England ? 

Name the islands belonging to England. 

What is said of the soil and productions ? 

What is said of the religion ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles and popula- 
tion of England? 


SCOTLAND. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north and west by the 


H4 


AK £ASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Atlantic, east by the German ocean, and south 
by England. 

Climate. — The climate of Scotland is colder 
than that of England. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the country 
in the northern part of Scotland is mountainous 
and barren ; in the southern part it resembles 
England. 

Minerals, — Coal is the principal mineral pro- 
duction. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Spey, 
Dee, Don, Twede and Clyde. 

Islands. — The islands belonging to Scotland 
are the Hebrides or Western islands, Shetland 
and Orkneys. 

Soil. — The soil of the greatest part of Scot- 
land is barren and unfruitful, and chiefly fitted 
for pasturage. 

Chief Cities.— The chief cities are Edinburgh 
the capital, Glasgow and Aberdeen. 

In Edinburgh is one of the most celebrated 
medical schools in the world, and there are like- 
wise celebrated universities at Glasgow and 
Aberdeen. 

The inhabitants of Scotland are remarkable 
for general education and morality, produced by 
the establishment of schools and attention to 
public worship ; they are likewise hardy, indus- 
trious and enterprising. 

Religion and Government. — The political go- 
vernment of Scotland is the same with that of 
England, but in their religious government they 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


145 


are very distinct, the Presbyterian Church being 
that which is established by law. 

Length 270 miles, breadth 100; square miles, 
50,000. Population, 2,094,000. 

Questions. 

How is Scotland bounded ? 

W' hat is said of the climate ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What is the principal mineral found in Scotland ? 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which are the principal islands belonging' to Scotland 

Which are the chief cities and learned institutions ? 

For what are the inhabitants of Scotland remai’kable ? 

What is said of the religion and government ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation } 


IRELAND. 

Boundaries, — Ireland is bounded on the east 
by the North Channel, Irish Sea and St. George’s 
Channel, and on every other part by the Atlan- 
tic ocean. 

Climate. — The climate of Ireland is tempe- 
rate but moist. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the country 
is generally level. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Shan- 
non, Blackwater and Boyne. 

Soil. — The soil is fertile and productive. 

Productions. — The staple productions are 
grain, hemp and flax. 

Chief Cities. — The chief cities are Dublin the 
capital, Corkv Limerick and Londonderry. 

N 


146 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Gov eminent •—The same as that of England 

■Religion , — The Episcopal Church is that es- 
tablished by law in Ireland, but the greatest 
part of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics, 
who are much oppressed by the English. 

Length 280 miles, breadth 160: square miles, 
.^2,000. Population, 7 millions. 

Questions, 

How is Ireland bounded ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

Which are tlie principal rivers ? 

Which are the staple productions ? 

Name the chief cities. 

What is said of the government and religion? 

AVhat is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 


Questions on the Map {Great Britain ^ Ireland), 


What island is situated in the Irish sea ? 

W^hat channel separates Ireland from Scotland ? : < 

What two cities are situated in the south part of Eng-i^t: 
land on the coast between the Straits of Dover and the 
I.and’s End? ‘ 

W’hat is the name of the river which empties into,,j |f 
Bristol Channel ? ^ ^ 

What cluster of islands lie west of the Landes End ? .^ 
Where does the river Thames empty ' y / . 

What city of the first class is there in England,?Kn3' 


on what river is it situated ? ' 


Name the cities in England which belong to the 
class, and tell how’ they are situated. 

How is Bristol situated, a.nd to what class does ^ 
long ? 

• What two cities are situated on the western co 
England, north of the mouth of the river Humber 



THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 147 

Name the three clusters of islands which belong to 
Scotland, and tell how they are situated. 

What three towns are situated on the western coast of 
Scotland ? 

In what part of Scotland is Edinbui’gh? 

How is Glasgow situated ? 

How is Ireland separated from the island of Great 
Britain ? 

In what part of Ireland is Londondeny ? 

On what part of Ireland is Cape Clear? 

Name the capital of Ireland, tell what class it belongs 
to, and where situated. 

In what part of Ireland is Cork ? 

On what river is Limerick situated ? 

How are Galway and Belfast situated ? 


FRANCE. 

j 

Boundaries . — Bounded north-west by the Bri- 
tish Channel and Straits of Dover, north-east by 
the Kingdom of the Netherlands, East by Ger- 
many, Switzerland and Italy; south by the Me- 
diterranean and Spain; and west by the Bay of 
Biscay. 

Climate . — The climate of France is pure and 
wholesome, and less changeable than that of 
most countries. 

Mountains . — The principal mountains are the 
Alps, Pyrennees and Cevennees. 

Face of the Country .- — The face of the country 
is agreeably diversified by mountains and plains. 

Minerals . — The minerals of France are lead 
and copper, and some gold and silver. 

Gulfs and Bays . — Those worthy of notice are 
the Bay of Biscay and Gulf of Lyons* 


148 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Straits* — The Straits of Dover separate 
France from England, and are twenty-one miles 
broad. 

Rivers* — The principal rivers are the Seine, 
Loire, Rhone and Garronne. 

Canals* — The Royal Canal, which, together 
with the Garonne river, forms a communication 
between the Mediterranean and the Bay of Bis- 
cay, is 180 miles in length. 

Islands* — The islands belonging to France 
are those of Rhe, Belleisle and IJshant. 

Soil* — The soil is very fertile and well cul- 
tivated. 

Productions, — The staple productions are 
wines, grain, hemp, flax and silk. 

Manufactures* — The manufactures are va- 
rious and extensive, the principal of wdiich are 
silks, cloth, lace, paper and china. 

Chief Cities. — The chief cities are Paris the 
capital, Lyons, Marseilles, Bordeaux, Rouen, 
Nantes and Toulouse. 

Literurif Institutions* — The literary institu- 
tions of France are very respectaole. There 
are now in that kingdom 26 u!iiversities and 
36 royal colleges, besides 22,500 primary 
schools. 

Religion* — The established religion of France 
is the Roman Catholic, but other sects are tole- 
rated. 

Government* — The government is a limited 
monarchy. 

Length 650 miles, breadth 560: square miles. 
:200,000o Population, 30 millions. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


141 ) 


Questions. 

How is France bounded ? 

Describe the climate of France. 

Name the principal mountains. 

Describe the face of the country. 

Which are the principal minerals ? 

Which is the principal bay and gulf connected with 
France ? 

What strait separates France from Great Britain, and 
how wide is it ? 

Which are the principal rivers in France ? 

What is said of the Royal Canal ? 

What is said of the soil? 

Name the staple productions. 

Wdiat is said of the manufactures? 

"Which are the chief cities of France r 

What is said of the literary institutions ? 

What is the established religion ? 

Wdiat is the form of government ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map {France). 

Name the cities in France situated on the Mediter- 
ranean. 

On what river are Rouen and Paris situated, and to 
what classes do they belong ? 

W^hat cities are situated on the Loire, and to what 
classes do they belong ? 

To what class does Lyons belong, and on what river 
is it situated ? 

What course does the Rhone flow, and where does it. 
empty ? 

In what part of France is the city of Brest? 

On what rivers are Lisle and Strasbourg!!, and to what 
class do they belong ? 

What city is on the Bay of Biscay near the boundsrj’ 
of Spain ? 

What town is situated on the Straits of Dover ? 

N 2 


150 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


What two rivers empty into the Bay of Biscay t 
Is Lyons or Lisle the more northerly ? 

Is Strasboiirgh or Rouen the more westerly ? 

In what part of France are the Cevennees mountains, 
and in what direction do they run ? 

I'o iiat class of rivers do the Rhone and Loire be- 
long- ? 


SPAIN. 

Boundaries, — Bounded north by the Pyren^ 
nees and Bay of Biscay, east by the Mediterra- 
nean, south by the Straits of Gibraltar and the 
Atlantic, and west bv Portug-al and the At- 
lantic. 

Climate , — The climate of Spain is very hot 
and dry. 

Mountains , — The principal mountains are the 
Pyrennees and Sierra Morena. 

Face of the Country , — The face of the country 
is diversified by mountains and valleys. 

Straits , — The Straits of Gibraltar, which se- 
parate Spain from Africa and form the entrance 
to the Mediterranean sea, are 15 miles broad. 

In the Mediterranean sea there are no tides, 
but a current is constantly running from the 
Atlantic into the Mediterranean through the 
Straits of Gibraltar. 

Rivers , — The principal rivers are the Ebro, 
Tagus, Duero, Gaudiana and Guadalquivir. 

Islands , — The islands belonging to Spain are 
the Belearic islands in the Mediterranean, the 
principal of which are Ivica, Minorca and Ma- 
jorca. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


151 


Capes . — The most noted Capes are Finisterre 
and Ortegal. 

Soil . — The soil is fertile, but there are large 
tracts of uncultivated ground, and the superior 
attention paid to the large flocks of sheep great- 
ly impedes the progress of agriculture. 

Productions . — The principal productions are 
grain, wool, silk, wines, hemp and fruits. 

Cities . — The chief cities are Madrid the ca- 
pital, Seville, Cadiz, Valencia, Malaga, Sara- 
gossa and Salamanca. 

Gibraltar is a very strongly fortified town in 
the south of Spain, and belongs to Great Britain. 

Literary Institutions . — At Salamanca and Sa- 
ragossa are celebrated universities. 

Religion . — The established religion is the 
Roman Catholic. 

Government . — The government of Spain was 
until lately an absolute monarchy; but recently 
the king has been compelled to grant the nation 
a constitution, by which the people are allowed 
the right of electing representatives to the 
Cortes or national legislature. 

Length 650 miles, breadth 550: square miles, 
176,000. Population, 10^ millions, 

Questions. 

How is Spain bounded ? 

Desci’ibe the climate of Spain. 

What mountains are there in Spain r* 

Describe the face of the country. 

What strait separates Spain from Africa, and how \vid<^ 

it ? 

What is said respecting the Mediterranean ’ 


152 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


■Which are the principal rivers in Spain ? 

What islands belong* to Spain? 

Which are the most noted capes ? 

What is said of the soil, and what prevents the pro- 
gress of agriculture ? 

Name the staple productions. 

Which are the principal cities ? 

What is said of Gibraltar ? 

What celebrated literary institutions are there in 
Spain ? 

What is the established religion ? 

What is said respecting the government? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula^^ 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map (Spain), 

Name the rivers which rise in Spain and flow through 
Portugal. 

What islands lie near Spain in the Medlteiranean ? 

What is the latitude and longitude of Madrid ? 

How is Cadiz situated, and to what class does it be= 
long ? 

YVdiat cities in Spain are situated along the coast of 
the Mediterranean between the Straits of Gibraltar and 
France ? 

On what river are Madrid and Toledo, and to what 
classes do they belong? 

What city of the fourth class is situated on the Ebro ? 

In what part of Spain are the Sierra Morena moun- 
tains ? 

What chain of mountains extend from near Cape Fi-= 
nisterre to the Gulf of Lyons ? 

How is Salamanca situated ? 

What towns in Spain are situated on the Douro ? 


PORTUGAL. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north and east by 
Spain, south and west by the Atlantic. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


153 


Climate, — The climate of Portugal is warm 
and dry. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the country 
is generally level. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Minlio, 
Douro and Tagus. 

Capes. — Cape St. Vincent is the principal 
cape. 

Soil. — The soil is very fertile. 

Productions. — The staple productions are 
silk, wool, wine, fruit and grain. 

Cities. — The chief cities are Lisbon the capi- 
tal, Oporto, St. Ubes and Coimbra. 

Literary Institutions. — The university of Co- 
imbra is endowed with numerous professorships. 

Religion. — The Portuguese are Roman Ca- 
tholics, and are said to be superstitious, haughty 
and revengeful. 

Government. — The government of Portugal 
was formerly an absolute monarchy, but the 
king has recently been compelled to grant the 
nation a constitution similar to that of Spain. 

Length 310 miles, breadth 150; square miles, 
40,000. Population, 3,683,000. 

^iiestions. 

How is Portugal bounded? 

What is the climate of Portugal? 

Describe the face of the country. 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

AVhich is the principal cape? 

AVhat is the quality of the soil ? 

What celebrated literary institution ^ 

W'hat is the relitrion ^ 

1 .' 


154 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


What is said of the government? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map [Portugal). 

What city is situated at the mouth of the Tagus, and 
to what class does it belong ? 

On what part of the coast of Portugal is Cape St. Vin- 
cent ? 

How is Oporto situated, and to what class does it be- 
long? 

How is the city of Coimbra situated, and on what 
river ? 

In what part of Portugal is St. Ubes ? 

To what class do the Tagus and Douro belong? 


ITALY. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by Switzerland 
and Austria, east by the Gulf of Venice, south 
by the Mediterranean, and west by the Medi- 
terranean and France. 

Climate . — The climate of Italy is pure, dry 
and healthy. 

Mountains , — The Appenines are the princi- 
pal range of mountains, and extend through 
nearly the whole length of Italy. 

Mount ^tna in Sicily, and Vesuvius near 
Naples, are celebrated volcanic mountains. 

Face of the Country . — The face of the country 
is diversified, in some parts mountainous. 

Minerals , — The minerals are iron, lead, alum, 
and some gold and silver. 

Gulfs , — The gulfs are those of Venice and 
Tarento. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


155 


Straits . — The celebrated Strait of Messina 
separates the island of Sicilj from Italy, which 
is 15 miles broad. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are the Po, Ti- 
ber and Adige. 

Islands . — The principal Italian islands are 
Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Elba and Malta. Cor- 
sica belongs to France, and Malta to Great 
Britain. 

Soil.— The soil is fertile and productive. 

Productions . — The staple productions arc 
grain, wines, fruit and silk. 

Religion and Government . — The Roman Ca- 
tholic is the established religion, and the go- 
vernments are absolute monarchies. 

The subdivisions of Italy are Naples or the 
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Roman States, 
Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Austrian Italy, King- 
dom of Sardinia, Parma, Modena, Lucca and 
San Marino. 

Square miles, 1 17,000. Population, 19,044,000. 

NAPLES. 

Naples or the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 
includes all that part of Italy, together with the 
island of Sicily, which lies south of the Pope’s 
Dominions. 

The principal cities are Naples, Palermo and 
Syracuse. 

Square miles, 42,000. Population, 6,618,000. 
pope’s dominions. 

The Pope’s Dominions or the States of the 


156 


AM EASY INTRODUCTION T<^ 


Church extend across the middle of Italy from 
the Mediterranean on the west to the Gulf of 
Venice, between Naples on the south, and the 
Kingdom of Tuscany and Austrian Italy on the 
north. 

The Pope exercises the temporal as well 
as spiritual jurisdiction in this part of Italy. 
Chief cities are Rome the capital and Bologna. 

Square miles, 14,500. Population, 2,346,000. 

AUSTRIAN ITALY, 

Austrian Italy, sometimes called the Lorn- 
bardo-Venetian Kingdom, includes Venice and 
Lombardy, and lies between the river Po on the 
south and the Alps on the north. 

The chief cities are Venice the capital, Mi- 
lan, Mantua and Verona. 

Square miles, 18,290. Population, 4,014,000. 

TUSCANY. 

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is situated on 
the Mediterranean, north-east of the Roman 
States. 

Tuscany is an independent duchy, under the 
government of an Austrian prince. 

The chief cities are Florence the capital, Leg- 
horn and Pisa. 

Square miles, 8500. Population, 1,180,000. 

SARDINIA. 

The Kingdom of Sardinia receives its name 
from the large island of that name, which forms 
a part of the King of Sardinia’s dominions. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


157 


The possessions of the king of Sardinia which 
are situated on the continent, lie in the north- 
western part of Italy, and are separated from 
France and Switzerland by the Alps. 

The chief cities are Turin the capital, Genoa 
and Cagliari. 

Square miles, 27,400. Population, 3,994,000. 

The Duchies of Modena, Parma and Lucca, 
are under the government of Maria Louisa, wife 
of Napoleon Bonaparte, and after her death are 
to revert to Spain. 

Square miles, 5760. Population, 885,000. 

The Republic of St. Marino is surrounded by 
the States of the Church. 

The people of this little community elect 
their own magistrates and officers, but are un- 
der the protection of the Pope. 

Square miles, 40. Population about 7000. 

Questions* 

How is Italy bounded? 

What is the climate of Italy? 

Which are the principal mountains? 

What is said of JEtna and Vesuvius? 

What minerals are found in Italy ? 

What gulfs are contiguous to Italy ? 

What strait sepai’ates Italy from the Island of Sicily ? 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

Name the principal islands belonging to Italy. 

What is said of the soil ? 

Which are the staple productions ? 

Name the subdivisions of Italy. 

What number of square miles and population has the 
whole of Italy ? 


o 


158 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


In what part of Italy is the King’dom of Naples? 

Which are the principal cities in the King-dom of 
Naples ? 

What is the area and po])ulation of the Kingdom of 
Naples ? 

How are the Pope’s dominions situated ? 

Which are the chief cities in the Pope’s dominions? 

What is the area and population ? 

How is Austrian Italy situated ? 

Which are the chief cities of Austrian Italy ? 

What is the area and population of Austrian Italy ? 

How is the Grand Duchy of I'uscany situated? 

Which are the principal cities of Tuscany ? 

What is the area and population ? 

What separates the Kingdom of Sardinia from France 
and Switzerland? 

Which are the chief cities in the Kingdom of Sardinia? 

W'hat is the area and population? 

What is said of the Duchies of Modena, Parma and 
Lucca, and what is their area and population ? 

What is said of the Republic of St. Marino, and what is 
its area and population? 

Questions on the Map {Italy), 

On what river is the city of Rome situated, and to what 
class does it belong? 

In what country of Italy are Leghorn and Florence, 
and to what class do they belong? 

How is Venice situated, and to what class does it be- 
long ? 

In what part of the island of Sicily is Syracuse ? 

How are the Lipari Isles situated ? 

What separates the islands of Sardinia and Corsica ? 

Is the Gulf of Venice on the eastern or western side of 
Italy ? 

In what part of the Pope’s dominions is Florence ? 

Name the two rivers which empty into the northern 
extremity of the Gulf of Venice. 

Where is the Gulf of Tarcnto ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 159 

How are the cities of Palermo and Messina situated, 
and to what class do they belong*? 

Name the two small islands which lie south of the 
Island of Sicily. 

How is the Island of Elba situated? 

What is the most populous city of Italy? 

Name the cities of Italy which are situated north of the 
river Po. 

How are Genoa and Turin situated, and to what class 
do they belong ? 

What is the name of the strait which separates the 
islands of Sardinia and Corsica ? 

Where are the Lipari Isles ? 


TURKEY IN EUROPE. 

Boundaries,— Bowndtd north by the Austrian 
dominions and Russia; east by the Black sea. 
Sea of Marmora, and the Archipelago ; south by 
the Mediterranean; and west by the Austrian 
dominions and Gulf of Venice. 

Climate and Soil , — European Turkey is a 
warm and very fertile country. 

Mountains , — The principal mountains are 
Mount Hemus, Find us and Olympus. 

Seas , — The seas connected with Turkey are 
the Black, Marmora and Archipelago. 

Gulfs , — The principal gulfs are Lepanto and 
Saloriichi. 

Straits , — The straits are those of Constanti- 
nople between the Black sea and Marmora, and 
those of Gallipoli between Marmora and the 
Archipelago. 


16Q 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


The Dardanelles are two castles, one on each 
side of the entrance of the latter strait. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are the Danube 
and Marissa. 

Islands . — The principal islands are Candia, 
Negropont and Lemnos. 

Capes . — Matapan is the most noted cape. 

Cities . — The principal cities are Constanti- 
nople the capital, Adrianople and Salonica. 

Religion.~The Turks are Mahometans, but 
the Greeks are Christians. 

Government . — The government is an absolute 
monarchy of the most despotic character. 

Ancient Greece is included in the southern 
part of the country now known by the name of 
Turkey in Europe. 

The Turkish empire is now in a disturbed 
state. The Greeks of the Morea and adjacent 
places have revolted from the dominion of the 
Turks, and in all probability if left to them- 
selves will be able to support their indepen- 
dence. 

Length 1000 miles, breadth 900: square miles, 

206,000. 

Population, Greek Christians 6 millions, 
Turks 4 millions. Total, 10 millions. 

Questions. 

How is Turkey in Europe bounded ? 

Describe the climate and soil. 

Which are the principal mountains? 

What seas are connected with Turkey ? 

Name the two most considerable gxilfs 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


161 


YVhich are the principal rivers? 

Which are the principal islands belong-ing* to Turkey? 

What is the name of the cape at the southern part of 
Greece ? 

Name the principal cities. 

What is the religion and government? 

What is said of Ancient Greece ? 

What is the present situation of the Turkish Empire^ 
particularly the Morea? 

Wliat is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation of Turkey in Europe? 

Q^uestions on the Mai^ {Turkey in Europe). 

How is Constantinople, the seat of govennnent of the 
Turkish Empire, situated? 

Where does the Danube empty, and to what class does 
It belong? 

What two cities of Turkey are situated on the Danube? 

In what part of Turkey in Europe is the city of Jassy ? 

On what river is Adrianople, and to what class does it 
belong ? 

What chain of mountains runs through Turkey ? 

In what part of Turkey is the city of Serajo ? 

What two rivers empty into the Archipelago west of 
the Dardanelles? 

In what direction does the river Truth flow, and where 
does it empty ? 

What gulf extends along the northern part of the 
Morea ? 

How is Athens situated? 


THE IONIAN REPUBLIC 

Includes the islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, 
Zante, Cerigo, Ithica, Santa Mauro and Paxo. 

The Ionian Republic, or the Republic of the 
Seven Islands, is under the protection of Oreat 
Britain. 


162 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Soil and Climate. — These islands have a fine 
climate and fertile soil. The productions are 
wine, oil and currants. 

Square miles, 1500. Population, 200,000, 
Greeks. 

Questions. 

Name the islands composing the Ionian Republic. 

What is said of the climate, soil, and productions ? 

How many square miles do the Ionian Islands contain? 

What is the number of inhabitants, and in what relation 
do they stand to Great Britain ? 

Questions on the Map [Ionian Republic). 

Is Cephalonia or Corfu the more northerly ? 

How is the Island of Cerigo situated? 

Is the Island of Zante or Corfu the more westerly ? 


AUSTRIAN DOMINIONS. 

The Austrian dominions include the follow- 
ing countries : Hungary, Sclavonia, Transylva- 
nia, Croatia, Dalmatia, part of Germany, part 
of Italy, and part of the late kingdom of Po- 
land, now called Galicia. 

Climate and Soil. — The climate of the Aus- 
trian dominions is mild and healthy, and the 
soil productive. 

Mountains. — The principal mountains are the 
Alps and Carpathian. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Danube, 
Save and Drave. 

Cities.—The chief cities are Vienna the ca- 
pital of Austria; Prague of Bohemia; Presburgh, 


THE STUDY OT GEOGRAPHY. 


163 


Buda, and Pest, in Hungary; Venice, Milan, 
and Mantua, in Italy; and Cracow, in Galicia. 

Religion . — -The established religion is the 
Roman Catholic, but all others are tolerated. 

Government . — The form of government is an 
absolute and hereditary monarchy. 


Hungary 
Sclavonia 
Transylvania 
Croatia 
Dalmatia 
Austrian Germany 
Austrian Italy 


Sq. Miles. Population. 


135,000 11,000,000 


# • # • 


. 83,048 
18,290 


9.260.000 

4.014.000 

Galicia 32,521 3,750,000 

Total, in round numbers, 270,000 square 
miles. Population, 28 millions. 


Questions. 

What countries are included in the Austrian domi- 
nions ? 

What is said of the climate and soil? 

Which are the principal mountains? 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

Name the principal cities in the Austrian dominions. 
What is the established religion ? 

What is said of the form of government ? 

What number of square miles and population is there 
In the whole of the Austrian dominions ? 

What number of square miles and population in each 
of the countries separately ? 


Questions on the Map (.Austrian Dominions). 

Name the cities of the Austrian dominions situated on 
the Danube ? 


164 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Is the river Save or Drave the more southerly, what 
course do they flow, and into what river do they empty ? 
Is Cracow or Lemburg’h the more easterly ? 

In what part of the Austrian dominions does the 
river Dniester rise ? 

What course is Prague from Vienna ? 

In what part of the Austrian dominions is the city of 
Ragusa ? 

Is Venice or Trieste the more eastwardly ? 

Is Mantua or Inspriick the more northerly ^ 


SWITZERLAND. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by France and 
Germany, east by Austria, south by Italy, and 
west by France. 

Climate . — The climate of Switzerland is cold, 
and among the mountains are the glaciers or 
immense fields of ice, which are never dissolved. 

Mountains . — The Alps run through Switzer- 
land, the most elevated parts of which are Mont 
Blanc and St. Gothard. Mont Blanc is the 
highest mountain in Europe. 

Face of the Country . — The face of the country 
is composed of lofty mountains separated by in- 
tervening valleys. 

Lakes . — The principal lakes are those of Con- 
stance, Geneva, Zurich, and Neufchatel. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are the sources 
of the Rhine and Rhone. 

Soil.— The soil of the valleys is productive, 
and the flourishing vineyard and cultivated field 
are often found adjoining a glacier which ap- 
pears like a sea of perpetual ice. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 165 

Froductions, — The productions are grain and 
cattle. 

Cities. — The chief cities are Geneva, Zurich 
and Berne. 

Government. — Switzerland is now divided 
into 19 cantons, each of which are independent 
of the rest, but they are all confederated for the 
general good. 

Religion. — The established religion in some 
of the cantons is the Roman Catholic, in others 
the Protestant, and some are a mixture of 
both. 

Length 220 miles, breadth 130: square miles^ 
19,000. Population, 1,750,000. 

Questions. 

How is Switzerland bounded ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

What is said of the mountains of Switzerland ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

Name the principal lakes. 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

What is said of the soil? 

What are the productions ? 

What cities are there in Switzerland? 

What is said of Llie government ? 

W’hat religions are established? 

What is the length, breadtli, square miles, and popu* 
lation? 

Questions on the Map {Switzerland). 

In what part of Switzerland is the city and lake of 
Geneva ? 

Is Zurich or Berne the more northerly ? 

What lake is situated in the north east of Switzerland ? 
(Constance). 


166 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


GERMANY. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by the German 
ocean, Denmark, and the Baltic, east by Po- 
land, south by Hungary and Italy, and west by 
France and the kingdom of the Netherlands. 

Climate . — The climate of the northern part 
in winter is cold, but in the south and west more 
temperate. 

Mountains . — The principal chains are the 
Erzeberg and Carpathian, 

Face of the Country . — The face of the coun- 
try in the north is very level, and but a small 
portion is mountainous. 

Minerals . — The minerals are silver, tin, and 
copper. 

Bivers . — The principal rivers are the Danube, 
Rhine, Elbe, Weser, and Mayne. 

Government . — The government of all the Ger- 
man kingdoms and states is of the most abso- 
lute description. 

Religion . — The inhabitants are Catholics and 
Protestants, about equally divided; but all re- 
ligions are tolerated. 

Length 650 miles, breadth 600: square miles 

220.000. Population, 30 millions. 

That part of Germany included in the Aus- 
trian Empire, contains square miles 83,048. 
Population, 9,482,227. 

That portion of Germany belonging to the 
Kingdom of Prussia, includes square miles 

90.000. Population, 7,923,439. (See Austrian 
and Prussian dominions.) 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


167 


Germany not included in the Austrian and Frus- 

sian Dominions. 

Kingdom of Bavaria. 

Chief cities. — Munich, Ratisbon, and Nurem- 
berg. 

Square miles, 32.000. Population, 3,560,000. 

Kingdom of Saxony. 

Chief cities. — Dresden and Leipsic. 

Square miles, 7,118. Population, 1,237,000. 

Kingdom of Hanover, 

Belonging to the King of Great Britain. 

Chief cities. — Hanover and Gottingen. 
Square miles, 14,600. Population, 1,303,000. 


Kingdom of Wurtemberg. 

Chief city. — Stutgard. 

Square miles, 8,118. Population, 1,400,000. 


Grand Duchy of Baden .... 

Population. 

1,000,000 

Hesse Darmstadt ...... 

630,000 

Hesse Cassel 

540,000 

Holstein and Lauenberg belong- 7 

360,000 

ing to Denmark \ 

Luxemberg 

214,000 

Mecklenberg Schwerin .... 

358,000 

Brunswick 

210,000 

Nassau 

303,000 

21 smaller, but independent^ 

1,360,000 

States, taken collectively . . j 


[68 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


The four free imperial cities 
Hamburgh, Bremen, Lubeck, and 
Frankfort on the Mayne, collec- 
tively 

Questions* 

How is Germany bounded? 

What is said of the climate ? 

What mountains are there in Germany? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Germany? 

Which are the principal rivers? 

What is said of the government and religion ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation, of Germany entire ? 

What, number of square miles and population does 
that portion of Germany contain, which is included in 
the Austrian Empire ? 

What number of square miles and population does that 
portion of Germany contain, which is included in the 
Kingdom of Prussia? 

Name the chief cities in the Kingdom of Bavaria. 

What number of square miles and population has the 
Kingdom of Bavaria? 

Which are the chief cities in the Kingdom of Saxony? 

What number of square miles and population has the 
Kingdom of Saxony ? 

Name the chief cities in the Kingdom of Hanover. 

What number of square miles and population has the 
Kingdom of Hanover? 

Name the principal city in the Kingdom of Wurtem- 
berg. 

What number of square miles and population has the 
Kingdom of Wurtemberg? 

What population has the Grand Duchy of Baden? 

Which of the other German States has a population of 
more tlian 500,000 ? 

Name those of the German States which have a popu- 
lUtion between 200,000 and 500,000. 


I 


266,000 


THE STUDY OE GEOGRAPHY. 169 

What is the population of the 21 smaller States, taken 
collectively ? 

What is the united population of the four imperial 
cities ? 

(Questions on the Map (Germany), 

On what river are Hamburgh and Dresden situated, 
and to what classes do they belong? 

What river empties into the German ocean between 
the Elbe and Ems ? 

Name the three cities situated on the river Weser. 

Through what part of Germany does the Rhine flow ? 

On what river is Frankfort ? 

Is Ratisbon or Nuremberg the more northerly ? 

On what river Is Friburgh ? 

Is Hamburgh or Lubeck the more easterly ? 

What courses do the rivers Moselle and Mayne flow, 
and into what river do they empty ? 

In what part of Germany does the Danube rise ? 


KINGDOM OF THP: NETHERLANDS, 

INCLUDING HOLLAND. 

Boundaries , — Bounded north and west by the 
German ocean, east by Germany, and south by 
France. 

Climate , — The climate is cold and moist. 

Face of the Country , — The face of the country 
is generally level, particularly in Holland, which 
is on a level with the ocean, and intersected in 
all directions by canals. 

JWiwcrafe.— "The minerals are iron, lead, cop- 
per and coal. 

Rivers , — The principal rivers are the Rhine, 
Scheldt and Meuse. 


p 


170 


AN KASr INTIlOiiVCTION 


Soil and Productions , — The soil is generallj 
fertile, and produces barley, oats, flax and pas- 
turage. 

Cities , — The chief cities are Amsterdam the 
capital, Hague, Antwerp and Brussels. 

Government , — The government is a limited 
monarchy. 

Religion , — The inhabitants of the Nether- 
lands are Roman Catholics. Those of Holland 
are Protestants. 

Length 250 miles, breadth 100: square miles, 
24,400. Population, 5,175,000. 

Questions. 

How is the Kingdom of the Netherlands bounded? 

What is said of the climate? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in the Netherlands ? 

W'hich are the principal rivers? 

What is said of the soil and productions ? 

Which are the principal cities? 

What is the form of government? 

What is the religion ? 

What is the lengtl), breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

Questions on the Map (J^etherlands), 

What two cities are situated near the mouth of the 
Rhine ? 

On what river is Antwerp and Brussels ? 

What course does the river Meuse flow, and into what 
river does it empty? 


DENMARK. 

J^oMwdarics.— Bounded north and east by the 


THE SrUBY O? GEOGRAPHY. 


in 


Baltic, south by Germany, and west by the 
German ocean. 

The Kingdom of Denmark is composed of the 
peninsula of Jutland, the Islands of Zealand 
and Funen, and others at the entrance of the 
Baltic, with Iceland and the Faroe Islands. 

Soil and Climate . — Denmark is a cold, but 
level and productive country. 

Froductions . — The staple productions of Den- 
mark are timber, cattle, and iron. 

Mountains . — Mount Heckla is a volcanic 
mountain in Iceland, covered with snow, in the 
neighbourhood of which are the Geysers or boil- 
ing springs, which spout up boiling water to the 
height of 90 feet. 

Cities . — The chief cities are Copenhagen the 
capital, A.ltona, Kiehl and Elsinore. 

El lnore, foreign ships which trade to the 
ports of ti;e ic, pay a toil to the government 
for J;hut privilege. 

There are no tides in the Baltic sea, but a cur- 
rent h always running into the German ocean. 

Religion . — The established religion is the Lu- 
theran, but every other religion is tolerated. 

Government . — The government is an absolute 
monarchy. 

Square miles, 21 , 600 . Population, TJ million, 

Questions. 

How is Denmark bounded ? 

Of what is the Kingdom of Denmark composed" 

Describe the soil and climate. 

Wliich arc the staple productions ? 

Wh at is tliere remarkable in Iceland? 

Mdiich arc the chief cities of Denmark ' 


172 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Are tliere any tides in the Baltic sea ? 

What is the custom of foreign ships which trade to 
the ports of the Baltic ? 

What is the established religion in Denmark? 

What is the form of government ? 

What is the number of square miles and population of 
Denmark r 

Questions on the Map [Denmark), 

Name the two cities which are situated on the Island 
of Zealand. 

Where is the Island of Bornholm ? 

W’here is the Skagerrack sea ? 

What is the name of the cape at the northern extre- 
mity of Jutland ? 

How are the Faroe islands situated ? 

On what part of Iceland is the city of Skalholt ? 


PRUSSIAN DOMINIONS. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north by the Baltic, 
east by Poland, south by the Austrian domi- 
nions, and west by Germany. 

The duchies of Juliers, Berg and Cleves, in 
the west of Germany, belong to Prussia. 

Climate and Soil, — Prussia has a cold moist 
climate and fertile soil. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the coun- 
try is generally level. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Elbe, 
Oder and Vistula. 

Froductions. — The productions of Prussia are 
numerous, and the ports of the Baltic have long 
been remarkable for their abundance of grain. 

Cities. — The principal cities are Berlin the 
capital, Dantzic, Koningsburgh and Breslaw. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. ITS 

Religion , — All religions are tolerated. The 
inhabitants are Roman Catholics, Protestants 
and Jews. 

Government , — The government is an abso- 
lute monarchy. 

Square miles, 105,000. Population, 10^* mil- 
lions. 

(luestions. 

How is Prussia bounded ? 

What duchies in the west of Germany belong to Pnis 

sia? 

What is said of the climate and soil ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

Which are the chief cities ? 

What is the religion ? 

What is the fomi of government ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

Questions on the Map [Prussia), 

To what class do Dantzic, Koningsbiirgli and Breslaw 
belong ? 

Into what sea do the Oder and Vistula empty, and to 
what class do they belong? 

What large river runs through the eastern part of Prus- 
sia, and then through Germany into tlie German ocean ? 

How is Berlin situated, and to what class does it be- 
long ? 

What town is situated near the mt*. *'; of the Vistula? 

On what river is Breslaw ? 

What course is Koningsburgh from Dantzic ? 


POLAND. 

Boundaries , — Bounded north and east by 

p 2 


174 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Russia, south by the Austrian dominions, and 
east by Prussia and the Baltic. 

Poland was formerly a powerful and well 
regulated independent kingdom, but was in- 
vaded and dismembered by Russia, Prussia and 
Austria. 

That portion of it which was seized by Rus- 
sia was created into a kingdom in 1815, of which 
the Emperor of Russia was made king. 

Soil and Climate , — Poland is a cold but pro- 
ductive country. 

Rivers , — The principal rivers are the Vistula, 
Dnieper and Niemen. 

Productions , — Poland produces abundance of 
grain and pasturage. 

Cities , — The principal cities are Warsaw, 
Wilna and Grodno. 

Religion , — All religions are tolerated. The 
inhabitants are Catholics, Protestants and Jews. 

Government, — Poland, though subject to the 
same monarch with Russia, enjoys a much more 
liberal form of government. 

Length 336 miles, breadth 312: square miles, 
48,000. Population, 2,800,000. 

Questions, 

How is Poland bounded ? 

What was Poland formerly ? 

What is said of the climate and soil r 

W hich ai'e the principal rivers ? 

W’hat are the productions? 

Which are the principal cities ? 

What is said of the government ? 

What is the length, breadtli, square miles, and popu^ 
lation ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


IT 5 

Questions on the Map (Poland). 

Where do the Vistula and Niemen empty, and what 
course do they flow ? 

Where are Wllna and Grodno, and to what class do 
they belong* P 

On what river is Warsaw*, and to what class does ll 
belong ? 


SWEDEN. 

Boundaries.—Bonnded north and west b} 
Norway, east by Russia and the Baltic, and 
south by the Baltic. 

Climate and Soil. — The climate of Sweden is 
very cold, but the country is well cultivated 
and productive in the southern part. 

Mountains. — The Dofrafield mountains sepa- 
rate Sweden from Norway. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the coun* 
try is rough and mountainous. 

Minerals. — The chief wealth of Sweden arises 
from its extensive and productive mines of sil- 
ver, copper, lead and iron. 

Lakes. — The principal lakes are Wenner, 
Wetter and Malar. 

Rivers, — The principal river is the Dahl. 

Islands. — The islands of Oeland and Goth- 
land in the Baltic belong to Sweden. 

Cities. — The principal cities are Stockholnx 
the capital, built on several islands in the Lake 
Malar, Gottenburgh, Carlscrona, Nordkioping 
and Upsal. At Upsal there is a celebrated uni 
versity. 


176 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Religion , — The inhabitants are Protestants 
and mostly Lutherans. 

Government — The government of Sweden is 
monarchial. 

Lapland occupies the northern part of Swe- 
den, Norway and Russia. 

Length 800 miles, breadth 300; square miles, 
188,000. Population, millions. 

Questions. 

How is Sweden bounded? 

What is said of the climate and soil? 

What mountain separates Norway from Sweden ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What mines are there in Sweden ? 

Which are the principal lakes ? 

What rivers are there in Sweden? 

Which are the principal islands belonging to Swe» 
den ? 

Which are the principal cities ? 

What is the prevalent religion ? 

What is tlie form of government ? 

Where is Lapland ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

Qiiestions on the Map (Sweden), 

How is Stockholm situated, and to what class does it 
belong ? 

In what part of the Baltic are the islands of Oeland 
and Gothland? 

Name the two cities situated on the eastern coast of s 
Sweden, south of Stockholm. 

W here does tlie outlet of Lake Wenner empty ? 

W’^hat course does the river Dahl flow, where does it 
empty, and what town is situated on it ? 

How is Gottenbiu'gh situated, and to what class does 
it belong ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPH, Y. 


i7r 

NORWAY. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north and west by the 
ocean, east by Sweden, and south by the Ger- 
man ocean. 

Climate and Soil. — Norway is a very cold, 
barren and mountainous country. 

Minerals. — The principal minerals are silver, 
copper and iron. 

Rivers. — The rivers of Norway are very nu- 
merous, but there are none of any considerable 
length except the Glommer. 

Capes. — The capes on the coast are North 
and Naze. 

Cities. — The chief cities are Bergen the ca- 
pital, Drontheim, Christiana and Christiansand. 

On the coast of Norway is an extraordinary 
and dreadful whirlpool, called the Maelstroom, 
which is said to draw in ships, and even whales 
from a distance of several miles and dash them 
in pieces. 

Religion. — The inhabitants profess the Pro- 
testant religion. 

Government. — Norway is subject to the king 
of Sweden. 

Length 700 miles, breadth 100: square niileSi 
160,000. Population, 1 million. 

Questions. 

How is Norway bouncied? 

IVhat is said of the climate and soil ^ 

What minerals are found in Norway ? 

Which is the principal river ? 

W’hich £U‘e the two principal capes ^ 


AX EASY IXTRODUCilON TO 


irs 

'Which are the chief cities ? 

AVhat Is said of the whirlpool on the coast of Norway ? 

What is said of the relig“ion and government? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

^Uestio7is on the Map [JS^orway). 

What course does the river Glommer flow, and where 
does it empty ? 

How is Christiana situated? 

On what part of Norway are North Cape and Cape 
Naze ? 

Is Bergen or Drontheim the more northerly ? 


RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 

Boundaines , — Bounded north by the Frozen 
ocean, east by Asiatic Russia, south by the 
Black sea and Turkey, and west by Poland, the 
Baltic, Sweden and Norway. 

Russia is one of the most powerful empires 
in the world, and extends over the northern 
parts of Europe and Asia. 

Climate and Soil , — The climate of Russia in 
Europe in the south is warm, but in the north 
extremely cold. The soil is generally produc- 
tive. 

Mountains , — The mountains are those of 
Ural and Olmetz. 

Face of the Country . — The face of the coun- 
try is generally level. 

Seas , — The seas connected with Russia in 
Europe are the Baltic, White and Black. 

^ Gulfs . — The principal gulfs are those of Both- 
nia, Finland and Ri 2 :a, 


179 


I HE STUD-y 01? GEOGKAPHi. 

Lakes* — The principal lakes are Onega and 
Ladoga. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are Volga, Don, 
Dnieper, Dniester, Dwina and Petchora. 

Islands. — The islands belonging to Russia 
are Oesel, Dago and Aland in the Baltic, and 
Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla in the Northern 
ocean. 

Cities. — The principal cities are Petersburg!! 
and Moscow. 

Religion. — The established religion is that of 
the Greek church. 

Government. — The government of Russia is 
an absolute monarchy. 

Length 1300 miles, breadth 1000: square 
miles, 2 millions. Population, 40 millions. 

Questions. 

llow is Russia in Europe bounded? 

What is said of the climate and soil ? 

Which are the principal mountains ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What seas and gulfs are connected with Russia in Eu- 
rope ? 

Which are the principal lakes and rivers ? 

What islands belong to Russia in Europe ? 

Which are the })rincipal cities ? 

What is the established religion ? 

What is the form of government ? 

What is the lengtli, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

Questions on the Map (Russia in Europe). 

On what river is St. Petersburgh ? 

What lake and gulf does the river Neva connect? 

Where do the rivers Tornea and Ulea empty ? 


ISO 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Where are the towns of Ulea and Tornea situated ? 

What chain of mountains extend north and south be- 
tween the Wdiite sea and Gulf of Bothnia? 

Name the rivers which flow into the eastern side of 
the White sea. 

How are the towns of Archang’el and Onega situated ? 

Is Lake Onega or Ladoga the more northerly ? 

W^ hat river flows from I^ake Onega into Lake Ladoga ? 

On what gulf is Cronstadt situated, and what course is 
it from Petersburgh ? 

What city is situated on the Gulf of Riga, at the mouth 
of the river Duna ? 

What two cities are situated on the Volga, between 
the city of Tver and the mouth of the river Cama ? 

Name the two cities situated on the river Occa. 

On what river is Moscow situated? 

W’hat two cities of Russia are situated on the Black 
sea ? 

What course does the river Pruth flow, and into what 
river does it empty ? 

W"hat course does the river Dnieper flow, w’here does 
it empty, and what cities are situated on it? 

What two cities in Russia belong to the second class ? 

Where does the river Don empty ? 

Between what seas is the Peninsula called the Crime^i. 
situated ? 



Table of Mountains^ Rivers and Cities in 
Murope, arranged in Classes, with their re- 
spective elevation, length and population an- 
nexed. 


EUROPEAN MOUNTAINS. 


FEET. 


■PPPT 

Third Class, 

Mont Blanc, Alps 15^80 


First Class, 


None. 


Second Class. 


Fourth Class, 

Mount Rosa, Alps 15552 


None. 


iHE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY, 


181 


FEET. 

Mt. Ortelspltze, do. 15000 
vSierra Nivada, Spain 13600 
Mt. Perdee, Pyr, "I 
St. Bernard, Alps C 11000 
iEtna, Sicily j 

Fifth Class. 

Mt. Cenis, Alps 9956 
St. Gothard, do, 9075 
11 Gran Sasso, Appen.8800 
Monte Rotunda, Cors. 8700 
Sierra D’Estrella, For. 8500 
Carpathian Mts. O/i-'n 
Lomnet peak 3 ^ 

Mt. V^elino near Nap. 7868 
Bofrafield Mts. 7620 

Pindus, Ell. Turkey 
Olympus, do. S»7000 
Pico Azores 


FEET. 

Cevennes, France 6300 
Mt. St. Angelo, Lip. Is. 5260 

Sixth Class. 

Mt. Ilecla, Iceland 5000 
Ben Nevis, Scotland 4387 
Cairng'orum, do. 

Ben Lawers, do. 5 

Mt. Vesuvius, Italy 3900 
Snowdon, Wales 
Cader Idris, do. 3 

Mt. Athos, Fill. Tur. 3350 
Macg’illicuddy’s recks, 
Ireland 3400 

Slave Donard Down, 
do. 2800 


EUROPEAN RIVERS. 



3IILES. 

First Class, 


Volga 

3000 

Second Class. 


Danube 

1500 

Dnieper 

1000 

Third Class. 


Don 

800 

Rhine 

700 

Dniester 

600 

Dwina 


Duna 

C 500 

Elbe 

S 


3ITLES. 

Fourt 

Neva 
Niemen 
I'agus 
Vistula 
Bog 
Loire 
Rhone 
Save 
Oder 
Douro 
Drave 
Po 

Guadiana 
Ebro 



AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 



MILES. 

Weser 

320 

(Caroline 

Gloinmer 


Guadalquivir 

l> 300 

Mayne 


Tornea 


Fifth Class. 


Seine 

280 

lim, Ger. 

250 


MILES. 

Adige, Italy 

210 

Sixth Class. 

Thames \ 

Tiber 3 

180 

Shannon 

iro 

Severn 7 

Aar, Switz. 5 

150 

Humber 

Arno S 

100 


EUROPEAN CITIES. 


inhab’s. 
Fh'st Class. 


I^ondon 

1050000 

Paris 

715000 

Constantinople 

500000 

Second Class. 

Naples 

330000 

Moscow 

312000 

Petersburgh 

300000 

Vienna 

240000 

I/isbon 

230000 

Madrid \ 

Amsterdam ^ 

1 200000 

Third Class 


Berlin 

188500 

Dublin 

188000 

Venice 

137000 

Milan 

135000 

Rome 

131000 

Palermo 

130000 

Hamburgh 

129800 

Glasgow 

Eyons ] 

Liverpool 

i 120000 



ikhab’s. 

Manchester 

Barcelona 

^ 111000 

Edinburgh 

Marseilles 

102987 

101000 

Seville 


Adrianople 

Bristol 

C 100000 

Fourth Class. 

Bourdeaux 

92374 

Cork 

90000 

Turin 

88000 

Rouen 

87000 

Birmingham 

Prague 

Stockholm 

Brussels 

85753 

85000 

^ 80000 

B re slaw 

76813 

Warsaw 

Genoa 

^ T6000 

Florence 

Nantes 

1 75000 

Oporto 

Cadiz 

Saloniki 

74000 
1 70000 






Bologna 

Antwerp 

Lisle 

Ghent 

Cracow, Pol. 

Munich 

Plymouth 

Rotterdam 

Verona 

Cologne 

Konigsburgh 

Dantzic 

Malaga 

Granada 

Toulouse 

Leghorn 

Saragossa 

Catanea 

Limerick 

Strasburgh 

Liege 


Fifth Class. 
Bremen 
Brescia, Italy 
Paisley 
Bruges, Neth. 
Lcmbergh 
Hague ') 

Pest 5 

Frankfort on the ^ 
Mayne 3 

Lubeck 

Portsmouth, Eng. 
Odessa 

(h'onstadt ) 

Gratz 

Amiens, France 
Hull 


INHAB S. 

63000 

61800 

61500 


61000 

60024 

56060 

56000 

55887 

55000 

52821 

52000 

50171 


50000 


48500 

48000 

46000 

45000 

44000 

42000 

41500 

40650 

40567 

40000 


GEOGRAPHY. 

183 

IN II ah’s. 

Bath, Eng. 

38434 

Illieims, France 

38000 

Messina T 


Riga V 

36000 

Trieste j 


Leeds, Eng. 

35950 

Sheffield 

35840 

Newcastle upon 

35711 

Tyne, Eng. 5 


Waterford 

35000 

Nottingham, Eng. 

34363 

Aberdeen 

33639 

Montpellier ') 

33000 

Leipsic 5 


Utrecht 

32294 

Leyden T 


Padua, Aus. Italy ^ 

31000 






Dundee 
Cagliari 
Augsburgh 
Belfast 

Clermont, France 
Phillipopoli, Eu. 

Turkey 
Bender, do. 

Ihila, E. R. 

BelgTade 

Presburgh 

Toulon 

Nuremberg 

Dunkirk, France 

Carthagena, Sp. 

Bergamo, Italy 

Toledo 

Hanover 


Sixth Class. 


30000 


J 


29760 

27000 

26000 

25000 


Brest 


24180 


184 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


^"alladolid 

Gottcnbiirg* 

Orenberg* 

Sienna, Italy 

A'aiette, xMalta 

Allona 

Mantua 

Geneva 

Tours 

Ratisbon 

Wilna 

Havre 

Reus, Spain 

Rag'iisa, Sic. 

Tver, Ell. Rus. 
Kiev, do. 

I.arissa, Eu. Tur. 
Jaroslav 

Londonderry, Ire- 
land 

4'aranto, Italy 
Manheiiii, Ger. 
Lucca, Italy 
Rerg-en, Norway 
Perth, Scotland 
Potsdam, Pi us. 
Syracuse, Sicily 
Idsa, Italy 
’rra]mni, Sicily 
Woolwich, Eng'. 
Alicant 


I XII A II s. 




24000 


23680 

? 23000 

22800 

^ 22000 

20900 

20620 


1 

I 

y 20000 


19000 

^ 18500 

18457 

18200 

I 18000 

17248 

y 17000 

I 

J 

16950 


York, Eng-. 
Perug'io, Italy 
Elvas, Port. 
Carlsi'hue, Ger. 
Rilboa 
Kilkenny 
.fussy, Jmi. Till*. 
Iktdujoz, Spain 


16145 

i 16000 


15000 


Pampeluna, Sp. 
Inverness 
W orcester 
Salamanca, Spain 
Hourges, France 
Berne 

Brandenberg, 

Prussia 

Oxford 

Carlisle, Eng. - 
Ravenna 
St. Ubes 
Zante 

Carnuignola 
C arise roona 
Frankfort on the 
Oder 

Coimbra, Port. 
Cambridg’e 
Cherson 
Simbirsk, Rus. 
Lay bach 
Biscglia, Naples 
Ostend 
Zurich 
Jnspruck 
Athens, Eu. Tur. 
Pre.stlna, do. 
Pesaro, Italy 
Patras, Eu. Tur. 
Ragusa, A. Dal. 
Evora, Port. 
Eujjen, Prus. 
Lausanne 


INHAB’Sc 

^ 14000 

13814 

13600 

13400 

13340 


13000 

12932 

12531 


y 12000 


11871 

11108 


11000 

10600 

10500 

10353 

10240 


y loooQ 


j 


I.ARGE TOWNS. 


14500 


Gottingen 
Dover, Eng, 


9500 

9074 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


185 


inhab’s. 


Christiana 
St. Gall, Switz. 
Luxemberg 
Nordkioping 
Drontheim 
Freyberg, Sax. 
Kiel 
Urbino 



Freyburg, Baden 
Scarborough, Eng, 
Elsinore 
Calais, France 
Fribourgh, Switz. 


I 

I 


9000 

8432 

8737 

8000 

7916 

7067 

7000 

6500 


inhab’s. 

Leon 6200 

Dunfermline 6000 

St. JeanD’Angely,Fr. 5400 
St. Hy polite, Fr. 

Mansfield, Eng. CsOOO 
Killarney, Ireland j 

SMALL TOWNS. 

Upsal 4403 

Fahlun 4200 

Falkirk 

Calmar, Sweden 5 


ASIA. 

Boundaries * — Bounded north by the Arctic 
ocean, east by the Pacific and Behring’s Straits, 
south by the Indian ocean, and west by Europe 
and the Red sea. 

Climate . — The climate of the northern part 
of Asia is very cold, the middle temperate, and 
the south is extremely hot. 

Mountains . — The principal chains of moun- 
tains are those of Caucasus, Altay, Himmaleh, 
Elwend, Belur Tagh, and Gauts. 

Seas . — The seas belonging to Asia are Okotsk, 
Japan, Yellow and Chinese sea on the east; the 
Arabian sea or Bay of Bengal on the south ; the 
Red, Mediterranean, Black, Caspian, and Aral in 
the west. 

Gulfs . — The gulfs are those of Obi, Tonquifi, 
Siam and Persia. 

Q 2 


186 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Straits * — The straits connected with Asia are 
Behring’s, Corea, Sunda, Malacca, Ormus and 
Babelinandel. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are the Eu- 
phrates, Tigris, Ganges, Barrampooter, Irrawa- 
dy, Kiang Ku, Hoang Ho, Obi, Yenesie and 
Lena. 

Islands . — The islands of Asia are those of 
Rhodes and Cyprus, in the Mediterranean ; Cey- 
lon, Andaman and Nicobar, in the Bay of Ben- 
gal; the Sunda isles; the islands of Bornea, 
Celebes, and Sagalien ; the Japan, Philippine, 
and Spice islands. 

Capes . — The principal capes are Taymore, 
Lopatka, and Comorin. 

Religion . — The prevailing religions of Asia 
are Paganism and Mahometanism. 

Asia contains the following countries: Asia- 
tic Russia, Turkey in Asia, Arabia, Persia, In- 
dependent Tartary, Chinese empire, India with- 
in or west and India east of the Ganges, and 
the empire of Japan. 

Length 4,700 miles, breadth 4,400: square 
miles, 16 millions. Population, 400 millions 

Questions. 

How is Asia bounded ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Which are the principal Asiatic mountains " 

What seas are contiguous to Asia ? 

Which are the principal gulfs of Asia ? 

Name the principal straits. 

Which are the most considerable rivers ‘ 

Name the principal Asiatic islands. 

Which arc tlic principal capes ^ 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


IBT 


What is the prevaUing* religion of Asia? 

What countries does Asia contain ? 

What is tlie length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation of Asia ? 


ASIATIC RUSSIA, OR SIBERIA. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north by the Northern 
ocean, east by Behring’s vStraits, south by the 
Chinese empire. Independent Tartary, Persia 
and Turkey, and west by Russia in Europe. 

Climate. — Asiatic Russia is generally a frozen 
and barren country, the most northern parts of 
which are covered with almost perpetual snow. 

Mountains. — The Altain mountains are a very 
extensive and lofty chain which separate Asia- 
tic Russia from Chinese Tartary; and the other 
mountains are the Caucasian and Ural. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the coun- 
try is generally level, being, with few excep- 
tions, an immense plain, having a gradual de- 
scent from the Altay mountains to the Arctic 
ocean. 

Minerals. — The Russian government obtains 
great quantities of precious stones, silver, gold 
and salt from the mines of this country. 

Seas. — The seas connnected with Asiatic 
Russia are the Black, Caspian, Azof and Okotsk. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Obi, 
Yenesie, Lena, Indigirka and Covima. 

Capes. — The capes are Taymour and Lopatka. 

Soil. — ^The soil of the south and western parts 
are fertile and productive, but the north and 
east are drearv and barren. 


188 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Cities , — The principal cities are Astracaii, 
Tobolsk, and Irkutsk. 

Religion , — The established religion of the 
Russian empire is that of the Greek church, 
but the greater portion of the inhabitants of 
Asiatic Russia are Pagans. 

Government , — This country forms a part of 
the immense Russian empire, and is divided 
into two great governments; Tobolsk in the 
west, and Irkutsk in the east. 

Length 3500, breadth 1200 miles: square 
miles, 6 millions. Population, 10 millions. 

Questions, 

How is Asiatic Russia bounded ? 

Describe the climate. 

What chain of mountains separates Asiatic Russia froiii 
Chinese Tartary, and what other mountains are there ^ 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Asiatic Russia ? 

Which are the principal rivers and seas ? 

What capes belong to this country ? 

What is said of the soil ? 

Name the principal cities. 

What is the prevailing religion ? 

What is said of the government ? 

What is the length, breadth., square miles, and popu^ 
lation ? 

Questions on the Map (Asiatic Russia), 

How is Astracan situated ? 

What countries lie on each side of the Caucasian 
mountains ? 

In what direction do the Ural mountains extend? 

What river forms a part of the boundary between 
Asiatic Russia and Persia ? 

On what river are Orenburgh and Uralsk ? 


iHE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 189 

What tv\’o large rivers empt}" into the northern extre- 
mity of the Caspian sea ? 

Whut river empties into the Gulf of Obi ? 

What city is situated near tlie junction of the Tobol 
and Irtish rivers ? 

Where do the Obi and Irtish rivers rise, and what 
course do they how ? 

Wdiere is the Step of Issim? 

To what class of rivers do the Volga, Obi, and Lena 
belong ? 

By wliat name is that part of the Altay mountains 
known which is situated near the Baikal lake ? 

AVhat course do all the large rivers of Asiatic Russia 
flow ? 

W^hat rivers are situated east of the river Obi, and 
into what ocean do they empty ? 

AVhere are Capes Lopatka and Ta.ymour ? 

What cities are situated on the river Obi ? 

What town is situated on the Baikal lake ? 

AVliat sea is situated south-west of Kamschatka ^ 


TURKEY IN ASIA. 

Boundaries * — Bounded north by the Black 
sea and Asiatic Russia, east by Persia, soutii by 
Arabia, and east by the Mediterranean and Ar- 
chipelago. 

Climate * — The climate is excellent, and fa- 
vourable to health and vegetation. 

Mountains * — Taurus and Ararat are the prin- 
cipal mountains. On Mount Ararat Noah’s ark 
rested after tiie flood. 

Face of the. Country * — The face of the coun- 
try is beautifully diversified by mountains and 

h/ ^ « 

valleys. 


190 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Seas. — The seas connected with Turkey in 
Asia, are the Mediterranean, Black, Archipela- 
go, and Marmora. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Tigris 
and Euphrates. The river Jordan, so often 
mentioned in scripture, is in Turkey, but is a 
very small stream. 

Islands. — The principal islands are Cyprus 
and Rhodes. 

Soil and Productions. — The soil is good, and 
if well cultivated, would be very productive. 
The country produces grain, cotton, tobacco, 
wine and olives. 

Cities. — The principal cities are Aleppo, Da- 
mascus, Smyrna, Erzerum, Diarbekir and Jeru- 
salem. 

Religion. — The established religion is Maho- 
metanism, but it is supposed that at least one- 
half are Greek Christians. 

Government. — The government is despotic. 

Length 800 miles, breadth 500: square miles, 
500,000. Population, 12 millions. 

Questions. 

How is Turkey in Asia bounded ? 

What is the climate of 'Furkey in Asia f* 

Name the principal mountains. 

Describe the face of the country. 

What seas are connected with Turkey in Asia r 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

Which are the principal islands ? 

W’hich are the chief cities? 

What is the religion ? 

What is the form of government? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


191 


^luestions on the Map [Europe in ^sia). 

What course do the Tigris and Euphrates flow, and 
where do they empty ? 

Name the cities of Turkey in Asia situated on the 
Tauris. 

What cities are situated near the eastern extremity of 
^he Mediterranean sea, south of Aleppo ? 

Where is Trebizond ? 

Is Damascus or Jerusalem the more northerly ? 

How is Smyrna situated ? 

By what name is that part of Turkey in Asia know’ll 
which is situated west of Mount Taurus ? 

To what class do Smyrna and Erzerum belong? 


ARABIA. 

Boundaries, — Bounded north by Turkey and 
the Mediterranean, east by Turkey and the Per- 
sian Gulf, south by the Arabian sea, and west by 
the Isthmus of Suez and the Red sea. 

Climate, — Arabia is a very dry and hot coun- 
try, the interior part of which consists almost 
entirely of sandy deserts destitute of water. 

Mountains, — The most celebrated mountains 
are those of Sinai and Horeb. 

Face of the Country, — The coasts of Arabia 
are bordered by ridges of mountains, but of no 
great elevation ; the interior is composed of level 
deserts of sand. 

Rivers, — Arabia has no river of any consider- 
able extent. 

Soil and Productions, — The sandy plains of 
the interior, which comprise by far the greatest 
portion of the country, of course are barren. 


192 


AN EASy INI'RODUCiiON 10 


but along the coast of the Arabian and lied seas 
there are some fertile portions of country which 
produce grain, tobacco and fruit. 

Cities , — The principal cities are Mecca, Me- 
dina and Mocha. 

Religion , — This is the country in which Ma- 
hometanism originated, and still continues to be 
the religion of this country as well as the reli* 
gion of a great portion of Asia and Africa. 

Government . — The country is possessed by 
numerous independent chiefs, called Sheiks. 

Length 1500 miles, breadth 1000: square 
miles, 1,500,000. Population, 10 millions. 

Questions. 

How is Arabia bounded ? 

Describe the climate. 

Which are the principal mountains r 

Describe the face of the country. 

* N 

Are there any considerable rivers ? 

What is said of the soil and productions ? 

What cities are there in Arabia? 

What is said of the religion ? 

What is the government ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

Questions on the Map [Arabia), 

Where is Mount Sinai situated 

Is Mecca or Medina the more northerly ? 

How is Mocha situated ? 

How are Mascat and Lachsa situated ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHi:. 


m 

INDEPENDENT TARTAPvY. 

Boundaries, — Tiounded north by Asiatic Rus- 
sia, east by the Chinese empire, south by Persia 
and Hindostan, and west by the Caspian sea* 

Climate, — The climate of Independent Tar- 
tary is generaliy pleasant and healthy. 

Face of the Country. — The face of the coun- 
try in the north is level, but mountainous in the 
southern part. 

Seas, — The seas are the Caspian and Aral, 
the waters of which are salt. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Jilion, 
Sihon and Jemba. 

Soil and Productions. — The soil is generally 
fertile, and produces fruits and pasturage. The 
Tartars pay little attention to the cultivation of 
the soil; their chief occupation being to attend 
their flocks of cattle, of which they possess 
great numbers. 

Cities, — The principal cities are Samarcand 
and Bukaria. 

Religion. — Mahometanism is the religion. 

Government. — The inhabitants of Indepen- 
dent Tartary are generally in tribes, which live 
in tents, and remove from place to place with 
their flocks; each tribe being subject to its khan 
or chief. 

Length 1200 miles, breadth 900: square 
miles, 1 million. Population, 3rJ millions. 

Questions. 

How is Independent Tartary bounded ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

R 


194 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION To 


Describe the face of the country. 

Which are the principal rivers and seas i 

Wh at is said of the soil and productions ? 

Which are the principal cities? 

What is the religion ? 

What is said of the government ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popula- 
tion ? 

Questions on the Map [Independent Tartarpy 

Whei’e do the rivers Jihon and Sihon empty ? 

How is Samarcand situated, and to what class does it 
belong ? 

What course does the river Jemba flow, and where 
does it empty ? 

In Avhat part of Independent Tartarv is the sea ot 
Aral ? 


PERSIA. 

Boundaries. — Bounded north by Asiatic Rus 
sia, the Caspian sea, and Independent Tartary : 
east by Hindostan ; south by the Arabian sea 
and Persian gulf ; and west by Turkey. 

Climate. — The climate of Persia in the south 
is hot and unhealthy, but the northern part is 
more pleasant. 

Mountains. — The El wend mountains extend 
through this country. 

Face of the Country. — Tlie face of the coun- 
try is generally mountainous, and interspersed 
with deserts of sand. 

Minerals. — The minerals are gold, silver, iron 
and lead. 

Gulfs. — The Persian Gulf extends along the 
south-western boundary. 


THE STUDY OF CEOGHlArilY. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are the Ahwaz 
and Kur. 

Soil and Productions . — The northern parts 
are fertile, and the southern sandy and barren. 
The products are grain, grass and fruit. 

Cities . — The principal cities are Ispahan, Te- 
heran, Taurus, Bushire, Shiras and Gombroon. 

Religion . — The religion is Mahometanism. 

Government . — The government is a despotic 
monarchy. 

Length 1000 miles, breadth 800: square miles, 
1 ,000,000. Population very uncertain, estimated 
from 2 to 10 millions. 

Questions. 

How is Persia bounded? 

What is said of the climate ? ^ 

Wiiat chain of mountains? 

Describe the face of the country. 

IVhat giilf is there connected with Persia ■ 

Which are tlie principal rivers? 

What is said of the soil and productions 

AVhlch are the principal cities ? 

What is said of the religion and government r 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu 
lation ? 

Q^iiestions on the Map [Persia). 

In what part of Persia is Ispahan? 

What course does tlie river Ahwoz Sow, and where 
does it empty ? 

Wh ere is Gombroon situated ? 

Where does the river Kur empty? 

W'licre is Teheran situated? 

Where is the sea of Durrah, and what rivel* flows 
into it? 


196 


EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


What strait Is there at the entranee of the Tcrsiar* 
Gulf? 

Where are Shiraz and Bushire situated? 


CHINESE EMPIRE. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by Asiatic Rus- 
sia, east by the ocean, south by India, and west 
by Independent Tartary. 

The Chinese empire consists of three grand 
divisions: China Proper, Chinese Tartary, and 
Thibet. 

Length 3000 miles, breadth 1500: square 
miles, 6 millions. Population, 300 millions. 


CHINA PROPER. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by the great 
wall which separates it from Chinese Tartary, 
east by the Yellow and China seas, south by 
the empire of Tonkin, and west by tho Birman 
empire and Thibet. 

The Peninsula of Corea is governed by a king 
tributary to the Emperor of China. 

Climate.-— The climate of the north of China 
is cold in winter, and temperate in summer. 
The climate of the southern part in summer is 
very warm. 

Face of the Country , — The face of the coun- 
try is agreeably diversified by mountains and 
hills, and is intersected in every direction by 
rivers and canals. 

Minerals . — The minerals of China are gold, 
silver, iron, copper, and precious stones. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY, 197 

Great Wall. — The great wall of China, built 
for the purpose of preventing the incursions of 
the Tartars, is 1500 miles long, sufficiently 
broad for several persons to ride abreast on the 
top, and is carried over lofty mountains and 
broad rivers. 

Seas. — The seas contiguous to China are the 
Yellow and China seas. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Kiang 
Ku, Hoang Ho, and Pekiang. 

Islands. — The islands belonging to China are 
Formosa, Hainan, and the Leo Koo islands. 

Soil and Productions. — The soil of China 
Proper is very fertile, and well cultivated. The. 
productions of China are grain and a great va- 
riety of fruits, and this is the count^ry from 
which Europe and America are supplied with 
tea. 

Cities. — The cities of China are very nume- 
rous and large; the most considerable are Pe- 
kin the capital. Nankin, Canton, Singan, and 
Hangtchefou. 

Religion. — The Chinese are Pagans. 

Government. — The government of the Chi- 
nese empire is absolute, but as the emperor con- 
siders his subjects as his children, the govern- 
ment is generally well administered. 

Length 1300 miles, breadth 1000: square 
miles, 2 millions. Population, 280 millions. 

Questions, 

How is the Chinese empire bounded? 

Name the three grand divisions of the Chinese empire'. 


198 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu 
iation ? 

How is China Proper bounded ? 

What is said of Coi’ea ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in China f* 

Describe the great wall of China. 

What seas are contiguous to China ? 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

What islands belong to China Proper ? 

What is said of the soil and productions ? 

Name the principal cities. 

What is said of the religion ? 

Describe the government. 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation of China? 

Questions on the Map (China). 

Where do the rivers Hoang Ho and Kiang Ku rise, 
what course do they flow, and where do they empty ? 
How is the sea of Corea situated ? 

What city is situated at the mouth of the river Pe- 
kiang r 

Where is the island of Macao situated ? 

Are the Leo Koo islands or Formosa the more north- 
erly ? 

Where is Pekin situated ? 

Where are Singan and Hangtchefou situated ? 

Name the cities of China which belong to the first 
class. 


CHINESE TART ARY. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by Asiatic Rus* 
^ia; east by the channel of Tartary, Sea of Ja- 
pan, and Straits of Corea; south by the Yeb 


/ 


THE STUDY OF OEOGRATHY. 199 

low sea, China Proper, and Thibet; and west 
by Independent Tartary. 

Climate and Soil. — The climate, from the ele- 
vation of the country, is very cold. The soil is 
barren and unproductive. 

Mountains. — The mountains are the vast Al- 
taian chain, and the Belur Tag. 

Face of the Country. — The greater part of 
Chinese Tartary is a sandy desert, elevated seven 
or eight thousand feet above the level of the sea. 

This desert tract of country is almost entire- 
ly destitute of water, for which reason it can 
only be traversed by camels. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are Amour, 
Salinga, Leoa, and Oula. Zaizan is the princi- 
pal lake. 

JsZawds.— The island of Sagalien belongs to 
Chinese Tartary. 

Cities. — The principal cities are Cashgar, 
Yarkand, and Kinkitao. 

Religion. — Paganism is the religion. 

Government. — This country is subject to the 
Emperor of China. 

Length 3000 miles, breadth 500: square 
miles. Si millions. Population, 8 millions. 

Q^uestions. 

How is Chinese Tartary bounded ? 

AVhat is said of the climate and soil? 

Which are the principal mountains ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

Which are the principal rivers and principal lake r 

What island belongs to Chinese Tartary ? 

Which are tlie principal cities ? 


200 AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 

What is said of the religion and government ^ 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu; 
lation ? 

Questions on the Map [Chinese Tartary)^ 

where is Lake Zaizan, and what river flows out of it ? 
Where does the river Salinga empty ? 

What channel and gulf lie east of Chinese Tartary? 

In what parts are the deserts of Gobi and Shamo ? 
Where are the towns of Sagalien and Petoune situ^ 
ated ? 

What chain of mountains form the boundary between 
Chinese and Independent Tartary ? 

Where is Cashgar situated ? 


THIBET, 

INCLUDING BOOTAN AND NEPAUL. 

Boundaries* — Bounded north by Chinese Tar- 
tary, east by China, south by the Birman empire 
and Hindustan, and west by Hindustan. 

Climate, — The climate of Thibet, owing to the 
great elevation of the country, is cold even in 
summer. 

Mountains, The Himmaleh mountains, 

which lie between Thibet and Hindustan, are 
the most elevated on the globe. 

Face of the Country, — The face of the coun- 
try is generally mountainous. 

Minerals, — The minerals are gold, lead, cop = 
per, and quicksilver. 

Rivers. — The rivers are the heads of the 
Kiang Ku, Burrampooter, and Ganges. 


rilE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


201 


Soil and Productions. — The soil of the val- 
leys is fertile, producing difterent sorts of grain. 

Cities. — Lassa, the capital, is the only city of 
importance. 

Religion. — The inhabitants of Thibet wor- 
ship the Grand Lama, who has a temple near 
the city of Lassa, on the top of a mountain. 

Government. — The government is adminis- 
tered by the Grand Lama, who is subject to the 
Emperor of China. 

Length 1600 miles, breadth 1000: square 
miles, 500,000. Population, 16 millions. 

(Questions. 

How is Thibet bounded ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Thibet? 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

What is^aid of the soil and productions? 

Which is the principal city ? 

W hat is said of the religion ? 

W’hat is said of the government ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

Questions on the Map (^Thibet). 

On what river is Lassa situated ? 

\Vliat chain of mountains runs along the southern 
part of 'Thibet ? 

What course do the Kiang Kuand Burrampooter flow? 

In what part of Thibet are Bootan and Nepaul ? 


INDIA. 

The name of India ought only to be applied 


202 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


to those two Peninsulas in the south of Asia, 
between which the Bay of Bengal is situated, 
although the term is frequently but improperly 
used, indefinitely, to designate the south of 
Asia, and likewise the Asiatic islands. 

That part of India which lies west of the 
Ganges, is termed Hither India, or India with 
in the Ganges. The part of India which lies 
east of the Ganges, is denominated Thither In* 
dia, or India without the Ganges. 

^■iiM 0 rt 

IIINDOSTAN, 

OR INDIA WITHIN THE GANGES. 

Boundaries * — Bounded north by the Chinese 
empire, east by the Birman empire and Bay of 
Bengal, south by the Indian ocean, and west by 
the Arabian sea and Persia. 

Climate , — The sea coast is generally hot and 
unhealthy, but the interior and elevated coun- 
try has a pleasant climate. 

Mountains , — The Gauts are the only exten- 
sive range of mountains. 

Face of the Country , — The face of the coun- 
try consists generally of immense plains, water- 
ed, and during a part of the year inundated, by 
large rivers. 

Miner ats,~T\\e principal minerals are gold 
and precious stones. 

Hirers , — The principal rivers are the Indus, 
Ganges, Burrampooter, Godaverv, and K,ristna 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


20S 


Islands . — The islands belonging to Hindos- 
tan are Ceylon, the Maldives, and Laccadives. 

Cafes . — Cape Comorin is the principal cape. 

Soil and Productions . — The soil of Hindos- 
ian is very fertile, producing abundance of cot- 
ton, rice, and various kinds of fruits. 

Cities . — The principal cities are Calcutta, 
Surat, Benarci, Bombay, Lucknow, Cabul, and 
Candahar. 

Beligion . — The Hindoos are Pagans, who 
worship the rivers Ganges and Kristna, which 
they consider sacred, and the w aters of which 
they believe will purify them from all their sins. 
There are likewise some Mahometans and 
Christians. 

The inhabitants are divided into casts or 
classes, each of which exercises the occupation 
which their fathers followed before them. 

Government . — Hindostan is divided into se- 
veral governments, the emperors of which ex- 
ercise a despotic authority. 

Great Britain is in possession of the greatest 
portion of this country and the Island of Cey- 
lon, including 1,103,000 square miles, and a po- 
pulation of 123 millions. 

The city and Island of Goa, on the Malabar 
coast, belong to the Portuguese. 

Length 1200 miles, breadth 900: square 
miles, 1,280,000. Population, 134 millions/ 

^ The authority relied on respecting' the population, 
&c. of Hindostan, was supplied from “Observations on the 
Geography and present State of Hindostan,’^ read before 
the Institute of France. 


e04 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


(Questions. 

What is said respecting the term India ? 

How are Hither and Thither India situated ? 

How is Hindostan bounded? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in Hindostan ? 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

W'hat islands are contiguous to Hindostan ? 

Which is the principal cape ? 

^V^hat is said of the soil and productions ? 

Name the principal cities. 

What is said of the religion ? 

What is said of the government? 

W hat number of inhabitants are included in the Bri- 
tisli possessions in Hindostan ? 

Wdiat possessions have the Portuguese ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

Questions on the Map [Hindostan). 

Name the cities situated on the Ganges and its branches. 
In what part of India are Candahar and Cabul ? 

To what class do Calcutta, Benares, and Surat belong? 
Is Cashmere or Lahore the more northerly ? 

Wdiat two large rivers empty into the northern extre- 
mity of the Bay of Bengal, and to wliat class do they 
belong ? 

What course does the river Nerbudda flow, and 
where does it empty ? 

Is the river Kristna or Godavery the more northerly ? 
What course does the river Indus flowq and where 
does it empty ? 

W'^here are Colombo and Trincomaly situated? 

On what part of Hindostan is Cape Comorin ? 

By what name are the eastern and western coasts of 
Hindostan known ? 

Name the cities of Hindostan winch are situated on 
rhe coast of the Bay of Bengal. 


i HE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 205 

liat two clusters of islands lie south-west of Hin- 
dostan ? 

Where are the Gaiit mouiitains, and how far, and in. 
what direction do they c;xtend ? 


THITHER INDIA, 

OH INDIA EAST OF THE GANGES. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by the Chinese 
empire, east by the sea of China, south by the sea 
of China, Gulf of Siam, and Straits of Malacca, 
and west by the Bay of Bengal. 

Climate . — The climate is generally pleasant, 
and not so warm as Hindostan. 

Face of the Country . — The face of the coun- 
try in many places is low and level, and sub- 
ject to be overflowed by the rivers, but there are 
some considerable chains of mountains. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are the Irrawa- 
dy, Meinham, Cambodia, and Holikian. 

Length 800 miles, breadth 400: square miles, 
600,000. Population, 35 millions. 

The Thither India contains the following 
countries, viz. 

1. The Birman empire, tlie chief cities of 
which are Ummerapoora, Ava, Pegu, Rangoon, 
Arakan, and Prome. Population, 17 millions. 

2. The kingdom of Siam, which has Siam for 
its principal city. Population, 4 millions. 

3. The kingdom of Laos, nominally subject 
to Cochin China, the principal town of which 
is Lanciones. 


s 


AN^ EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


4. The kingdom of Cambodia, chief town ol 
the same name. Population, 1 million. 

5. The empire of Tonkin, which has the city 
of Kesho for its capital. 

6. Cochin China, the chief towns of which 
are Toanhoa and Faifo. 

7. Malacca, which contains several indepen- 
dent tribes. Malacca is the chief city. Popu- 
lation, 10 millions. 


Questions* 

IIow is the Thither India bounded ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

Name the principal rivers. 

"What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation of the Thither India? 

W”hat countries does the Thither India contain ? 

Which are the chief cities of the Birman empire } 
What is the chief city in Siam ? In Laos ? in CambOf 
dia ? in Tonkin ? in Cochin China ? in Malacca ? 


Questions on the Map {lliither India). 

AVhere is Cochin China situated ? 

What cities in the Binnan empire are situated on the 
river Irrawady ? 

What river empties into the head of the gulf of Siam, 
and what city is situated near its mouth? 

Where does the Cambodia river rise, what course 
docs it flow, and where does it empty ? 

On what river is Kesho ? 

Where is Rangoon situated ? 

Where is the Gulf of Tonkin ? 

AVhere is the city of Malacca situated. 


JAPAN. 

The empire of Japan extends over the islands 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHi:. 


2or 

of Niphon, Jesso, Kiusiu, Sikoe, and some others 
of less note, lying east of Chinese Tartary. 

Climate. — The Japan islands are subject to 
extremes of heat and cold. 

Face of the Countrij. — These islands consist 
of mountains and valleys diversified by numer- 
ous small rivers, and surrounded by a rocky 
coast. 

Minerals. — The minerals are gold, silver, 
copper, lead, and iron. 

Soil and Productions. — The soil is in a high 
state of cultivation; the mountains are culti- 
vated to their very tops. The productions arc. 
almost every kind of grain suitable for the cli- 
mate. 

Cities. — The principal cities are Jeddo and 
Miaco. 

Relis'ion. — Paganism is the religion. 

o O , 

Government. — The government is an abso- 
lute monarchy. 

Length 1000 miles, breadth 200; square miles, 
90,000. Population, SO millions. 

Questions. 

What islands are included in the empire of Japan ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

Which are tlie principal minerals? 

What is said of the soil and productioiis ? 

Which are the principal cities? 

What is the religion and government ? 

Wdiat is the length, breadtli, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

(Questions on the Map {Japan). 

Which is the larg»^st of the Japan Islands? 


208 


AN EASY rNTRODUCTION TO 


Is Niphon or Jesso the more northerly ? 

How are Jeddo and Miaco situated, and to what clas^ 
do they belong ? 

How are the islands of Sikoe and Kiusiu situated ? 
What sea is situated between the Japan Islands-and 
Chinese Tartary? 

W'here is the Strait of Corea ? 

On which of the Japan Islands is Nangasaki ? 


ASIATIC ISLANDS. 

The immense clusters ^of islands lying south- 
east of Asia, are usually divided into the Oriental 
Archipelago, Polynesia, and Australasia. 


ORIENTAL ARCHIPELAGO. 

The Oriental Archipelago includes Borneo, 
Celebes, the Sunda Isles, Philippines, and the 
Spice Islands or Moluccas. 

The population is estimated at 19 millions: 
square miles, 500,000. 

Boi 'neo . — This island is 900 miles long and 
600 broad. Chief town, Borneo. Population 
estimated at 3 millions. 

Celebes . — The island of Celebes is a large 
island, east of Borneo. The chief town is Ma- 
cassar. This island is in possession of the 
Dutch. Population, 3 millions. 

Sunda Islands . — The Sunda or Sumatra 
Islands are Sumatra, Java, Temor, Floris, and 
some others of less note. 

Sumatra is 950 miles long, and 200 broad. 
The principal towns on the island of Sumatra 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. t2,0'j 

are Bencoolen, Acheen, and Palambang. Po>= 
pulation, 4,500,000. 

In this island there is a chain of mountains 
of nearly equal elevation 'With the Alps. 

Java is 600 miles long, and 100 broad. Tlic 
chief town is Batavia. The island of Java be- 
longs to the Dutch. Population, 5 millions. 

The minerals of the Sunda Islands are gold, 
tin, and diamonds; and the productions are 
cotton, coffee, and rice. 

Philippine Islands * — The principal of the 
Philippine Islands are Luzon, Mindanao, Pala- 
wan, and Sarnor. Manilla is the chief town. 
Population, 3 millions. 

These islands belong to the Spaniards. 

Molucca Islands , — The Molucca or Spice 
Islands are Gilolo, Ceram, Amboyna, Banda, 
and some others. 

The Spice Islands produce nutmegs and 
cloves in great abundance, and belong to the 
Dutch. 

(luestions. 

What Islands are included in the Oriental Archipelagt. ^ 

What is the population of the Oriental Archlpelai^o ? 

Describe the Island of Borneo, and name its principal 
town and population. 

Which is the chief town on the Island of Celebes, 
what nation is in possession of that island, and what 
population has it ? 

Name the islands comprehended under the name of 
Sunda or Sumatra Islands. . 

What is the length and breadth of the Island of Su- 
matra, and wliat towns are situated on it ? 

What is the lenerth and breadth of the Island of Java, 
Avd wlfich is the prin'^ipal town ? 


2i0 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


To what nation does Java belong ? 

Name the principal of the Philippine Islands. 

To whom do the Philippine Islands belong, and which 
is the chief town ? 

Which are the principal of the Moluccas, to whom do 
they belong, and what are their productions ? 

What minerals are found in the Sunda Islands, and 
what are their productions ? 

Questions on the Map [Oriental Jirchipelago)» 

What strait separates the Island of Borneo and Ce* 
lebes ? 

On what part of the Island of Java is Batavia ? 

How is the town of Borneo situated ? 

What strait separates Molucca from Sumatra ? 

How are Bencoolen, Acheen, and Palambang situated ? 

Where are the Straits of Sunda ? 

What Islands are situated east of Java? 

Through which of the Sunda Islands does the Equi- 
noctial line pass ? 

W here is the sea of Java ? 


AUSTRALASIA, 

Australasia includes New Holland, New Zea- 
land, New Guinea, New Britain, and many 
others near them. 

New Holland is the principal of these islands, 
and the largest island in the world, being 2,700 
miles long, and 1,900 broad. 

The British have established a colony on the 
eastern ^ide of the island, at Port Jackson, near 
Bidany Ba> . 

The inhabitants of Australasia are Pagans 
and savjgcs of the lowest grade. Square railes^. 
3 J miiilons. Population, 5 millions. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY* 211 

(Questions. 

Name the principal islands included in Australasia, 
What is the length and breadth of New Holland ? 
Where have the British established a colony ? 

What is said of the inhabitants of Australasia ? 

W^hat number of square miles and population does 
Australasia contain ? 

Questions on the Map [Australasia), 

AVhat island is situated north of New Holland? 

What is the country on the eastern side of New Hol^ 
land called ? 

W^here is Van Dieman’s land ? 

Where is Botany Bay and Port Jackson ? 

How arc Solomon’s Islands, New Zealand, and the Ncv/ 
Hebrides situated ? 


POLYNESIA. 

Polynesia includes those islands in the Pa 
cific ocean, east of the Oriental Archipelagc 
and Australasia. 

The principal of these islands are the Pelev/. 
Ladrone, Caroline, and Sandwich Islands, and 
others north of the Equator; and the Navigators, 
Friendly, Society, and Marquesas Islands, south 
of the Equator. 

The inhabitants of these islands are Pagans, 
excepting those of the Society and Sandwich 
Islands, who have been converted by Christian 
missionaries. 

Square miles, 500,000. Population. 3 mi! 
lions. 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 



(Questions, 

What islands belong’ing to Polynesia, lie north of the 
Equator ? 

Which of these islands lie south of the Equator ? 

What is the religion of the inhabitants of these islands ? 

What number of square miles and population does 
Polynesia contain ? 

Questions on the Map [Polynesia^ 

Are the Ladrone or Caroline Islands the more north- 
erly ? 

Where are the Pelew Islands ? 

W^hat islands does the tropic of Cancer pass through ? 

In what latitude are the Marquesas and Navigators 
Isles ? 

Near what latitude are the Friendly and Society 
Islands ? 


Table of Mountains^ Rivers and Cities in 
Asia, arranged in Classes, with their re- 
spective elevation, length and population an- 
nexed. 


ASIATIC MOUNTAINS. 


FEET. 

First Class* 
Ilimmaleh Mts. 

Dowalager (Snowy 
Mountain) 27677 

Second Class. 
Himmaleh Mts. se- 
veral peaks be- 
tween 22000. and 25650 


rKET„ 

Mouna Kaah, Owhy. 1 8400 
Third Class. 

None. 

Fourth Class. 

Altaian chain, high- 
est peak 15000 

Mt. Ophir, Isl. Sum. 134^^2 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPH V. 


213 


FEET. 

Egmont, New Zea- 
land 11000 

Fifth Class, 

Altaian Alts, 10000 


Caucasus 

Ararat 




FEET. 

9500 


Sixth Class, 

Ghauts 4000 


ASIATIC RIVERS. 


MILES. 

First Class, 

Yenesei 
Amour 
Kiang Ku 

Hoang Ho ^2000 

Lena 
Obi 

Cambodia 


Second Class, 
Euphrates 
Ganges 
Buri'ampooter 
Indus or Sinde 
Irrawady 

Third Class, 
Gihon or Jihon 
Godavery 
Pekiang, Ch. 

Tigris 


1500 

1350 

1200 


900 

800 


Sihon 

Nerbuddah 
Ural 
Ki’ishna 
Ahwas, Per. 


MILES) 

750 
650 


Fourth Class, 

Fetch ora 
Couvery, Hind. 
Topteef 
Kur 
Moksia 


450 

400 


350 


Fifth Class, 

Kuban 250 


Sixth Class. 


Jordan, Palest. 
ASIATIC CITIES. 


120 


INHAB S. 

Fii'st Class, 

Pekin 3000000 

~ 

? worm 


inhab’s. 

Calcutta 650000 

In a circle of 20m. 2225000 
Benares 582000 

Meaco 

Surat ^ 500000 

Patna 


£14 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION Tw 


Second Class. 


Ispahan 

Madras 

Lucknow 

I'auris 

Aleppo 

Bombay 

Cabul 

Damascus 


400000 
X 300000 

^ 250000 
' 220000 




300000 


Third Class^ 


175000 

150000 

130000 


Umrapoora 
Lahore 
Cashmere 
Erzerum 
Smyrna 
Bukaria 
Candahar 
Delhi 

Herat J>100000 

Hyderabad 
Peshawur 
Poonah 
Diarbekir 


Fourth Class, 

\stracan 
Bursa 

Kuitaiah (Tur.) 
Teheran 
Bassora 
Sinope, Tur. 

I'ocat 
Mesched 
Trebizond 
Colombo, Cey. 

C -atnander, Nap. J 


70000 


60000 


50000 


40000 


Fifth Cla^s. 

Batavia 47,217 

Cochao or Kcsho ^ 

Shiras I 

Acheen, Sum. | 

Damiettu J 

Manilla 38000 

Mosul 

Moorshedabad v 35000 

Rangoon 3 

Seringapatam 32000 

Palambang, Sum. 300 OO 
Jerusalem 5 


Sixth Class, 


Acre 

Goa 

Teflis 

Mecca 

Tobolsk 

Asterabad 

Negombo, Cey. 

Tripoli, A. Tur. 

Irkutsk 

Uralsk 

Tomsk 

Pegu 


I 


20000 


^ 18000 
16000 


1 


15000 


12000 

11000 

10000 


LARGE TOWNS. 


Nicosia, Is. Cyp. 
Gombroon 
Moscat 
Seirla 


900‘0 

8000 

7000 


iilL SlUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


£15 


lihocles, Is, of Rh. 
Medina 

Tenedos, Is. Ten, 

Mocha 

Suez 

Judda 

Larnika, Cyprus 
Lachsa, Ar. 



"I 

i 

V5000 




SMALL TOWNS. 


Castro, Is. Lemnos 

Latakia, Tur. 

Derbend 

Jaffa 

Gaza 

Vathi, Is. Samos 
Cora, do. 


\4000 

j 


3000 

1500 


AFRICA. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by the Medi- 
terranean; east by the Isthmus of Suez, Red 
sea and Indian ocean; south by the Southern 
ocean; and west by the Atlantic. 

The inhabitants of Africa are remarkable for 
the blackness of their skins and for their igno- 
rance and barbarism. 

Most African nations make slaves of their 
enemies taken in war, and many have been sold 
to Europeans and Americans. 

Climate . — The climate of the greater part of 
Africa is hot, and to others than natives very 
unhealthy. 

Mountains . — The principal are Mount At- 
las, and Jibbel Koomri or Mountains of the 
Moon. 

Minerals . — The principal minerals are gold 
and salt. 

Face of the Country . — The most remarkable 
feature of Africa is its immense deserts of sand, 
which are very level and destitute of w^ater. 

Soil .' — The sandy deserts of course are bar* 


S16 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


ren, but the parts of Africa which arc well wa 
tered are very productive. 

Rivers . — The principal are the Nile, Niger, 
Senegal, Gambia and Zaire. 

Lakes . — The most considerable are Maravi 
and Dembea. 

Straits . — The straits connected with Africa 
are Gibraltar and Babelmandel. 

Capes . — The principal are Good Hope, Verde 
and Guard afui. 

Africa will be reviewed in the following or- 
der: Northern, Eastern, Southern, Western, 
and Interior Africa. 

Length 4320 miles, breadth 4140: square 
miles, 11 millions. Population (supposed) 100 
millions. 

Questions, 

How is Africa bounded ? 

For what are the inhabitants remarkable 

What is said of the climate ^ 

Which are the principal mountains? 

Which are the principal minerals? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What is said respecting the soil ? 

Name the principal rivers. 

Which are the principal lakes ? 

What straits are connected with Africa ? 

Which are the principal capes? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation? 

jyORTHERJK^ AFRICA. 

The Northern Coast includes those parts of 
Africa which border on the Mediterranean sea. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 217 

The divisions of Northern Africa are Bar- 
bary and Egypt. 


BARBARY. 

Boundaries * — Bounded north by the Medi- 
terranean, east by Egypt, south by the Great 
Desert, and west by the Atlantic. 

The Barbary States are Morocco, Algiers, 
Tunis, and Tripoli. Barca and Fezzan are tri- 
butary to the Dey of Tripoli. 

Climate and Soil . — The climate of Barbary is 
temperate and healthy, and the soil productive 
but miserably cultivated. 

Mountains . — The Mount Atlas chain extends 
nearly through the Barbary States in a direction 
parallel with the Mediterranean. 

Face of the Country . — The face of the coun- 
try between the Mediterranean and Atlas moun- 
tains is an extensive plain. The country south 
of the mountains has a gradual descent to the 
Great Desert. 

Rivers . — The rivers are numerous but small, 
some of which flow into the Great Desert and 
are lost among the sands. 

Capes . — The principal capes are Spartel and 
Bon. 

Gulfs . — The gulf of Sidra is the principal. 

' Froductions . — The productions are wheat, 
olives, almonds, and delicious fruits. 

Cities . — The principal cities are Morocco, 
Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, Mequinez, Fez, Con- 
stantina and Derna. 


T 


218 AX EASY INTRODUCTION TO 

lleligion , — The religion is Mahometanisixi* 
Government . — The governments of all the 
Barbary States are 
scription. 

Morocco 

Algiers 

Tunis . 

Tripoli, including 
Barca 


Total 

Questions. 

What countries of Africa lie contiguous to the Medi^ 
terranean ? 

How are the Barbary States bounded ? 

Describe the climate and soil of Barbary. 

AVhich is the principal chain of mountains ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What is said of the rivers ? 

Name the principal capes. 

What are the productions of Barbary ? 

Name the principal cities. 

What is the religion ? 

What is said of the government ? 

What is the square miles and population of each of the 
Barbary States separately, and what is their total amount ^ 

Questions on the Map {Barhary), 

Name the cities situated on the coast of the Mediler^ 
^nean, between Cape Bon and the Straits of Gibraltar. 

What cities are situated on the Atlantic coast, between. 
Gibraltar and the Great Desert ? 

Is Morocco or Mequinez the more northerly? 

Is Tripoli or Derna the more easterly. 


of the most 

despotic de- 

Sq. Miles, 

Population. 


14,000,000 


1,500,000 


3,000,000 

1 210,000 

2,000,000 

662,000 

20,500,000 


THE STUDY OF GEO GRAPHIC 219 

'VVliich of the Barbary States is bounded west by the 
.Atlantic ? 

Is Tangier or Sallee the more northerly. 

Into which of the Barbary States does the Gulf of 
Sidra project ? 


EGYPT. 

Boundaries, — Bounded north by the Medi- 
terranean, east by the Isthmus of Suez and Red 
sea, south by Nubia, and west by Barca and the 
Lybian Desert. 

Climate . — The climate is very hot. 

Face of the Country. — The cultivated part of 
Egypt is a vale 15 or 20 miles broad, through 
which the Nile flows. Beyond the valley of the 
Nile the country is barren and mountainous. 

Soil and Productions. — The soil is very fer- 
tile, and the principal productions are rice and 
wheat. 

Cities. — The chief cities are Cairo, Alexan- 
dria, Rosetta and Damietta. 

J?e^ig*ion.~The religion is Mahometanism. 

Government. — The government is despotic, 
and is administered by a Turkish pacha sent by 
the Sultan from Constantinople. 

Egypt is celebrated for its remains of anti 
quity, the most remarkable of which are the Py - 
ramids and Pompey’s Pillar. 

Length 700 miles, breadth 200: square miles, 
175,000. Population, 2j million?. 

Questions. 

How is Bgypt bounded ’ 


£20 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TC 


What is said of the climate ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What is said of the soil and productions r 

Which are the principal cities ? 

What is the religion ? 

What is said of the government? 

Name the most remarkable remains of antiquity ii» 
Egypt. 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
latioii ? 

Questions on the Map [Egypt). 

Name the three cities situated near the mouth of the 
Nile. 

How is Cairo situated, and to what class does it be- 
long ? 

Is Alexandria, Rosetta, or Damietta, the most west- 
erly ? 

Name the towns situated on the Nile north of Siout. 

What course does the Nile flow, into what sea does it 
empty, and to what class does it belong? 


EJSTEEJy AFRICJl. 

The Eastern Coast includes that portion of 
Africa situated contiguous to the Red sea and 
Indian ocean. 

The countries of Africa on the Red sea are 
Nubia and Abyssinia ; those on the Indian ocean 
Ajan, Adel, and the Zanguebar coast. 


NUBIA. 

Nubia is situated between Egypt and Abyssi- 
nia, and is principally a desert, excepting the 
Kingdoms of Dongola and Sennaar. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


££1 


Climate . — ’The climate is hot and unhealthy. 

Rivers , — The principal rivers are the Nile 
and its branches. 

Cities . — The principal cities are Dongola an^ 
Sennaar. 

Government . — The country is inhabited by 
barbarous and ferocious tribes of people, go 
verned by numerous petty chiefs. 

Questions. 

What countries does the Eastern Coast include ? 

What countries of Africa are situated on the Red sea? 

Which on the Indian ocean ? 

Where is Nubia situated, and what is said respecting 
it? 

What is said of the climate ? 

Name the principal cities. 

What is said respecting the government ? 

Questions on the Map (JV-w&ia). 

How is the city of Sennaar situated, and to what class 
doc^t belong? 

\neve is the Great Desert of Nubia ? 

Through what part of Nubia does the Nile flow ^ 

Where is the town of Saukem situated.^ 


ABYSSINIA. 

Boundaries . — Bounded north by Nubia, east 
by the Red sea, south by Adel, and west by In- 
terior Africa. 

Climate . — The country from its elevation en- 
joys a temperate climate. 

The Geesh mountains are the 

principal. 


222 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Face of the Country^ — The face of the coun- 
try is very mountainous, but interspersed with 
fertile valleys. 

Minerals. — The minerals are gold, silver and 
salt. 

The great plain of salt is four days’ journey 
across, and covered with pure salt for two feet 
deep. 

Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Nile and 
its branches. 

Lakes. — Dembea is the principal lake, and 
through it the Nile flows. 

Soil and Productions. — The soil in the val- 
leys is very fertile 
production. 

Cities. — The chief city is Gondar. 

Religion. — The religion of the inhabitants is 
a compound of Judaism and Christianity. 

Government. — Absolute despotism. All the 
land belongs to the king. C 

Length 770 miles, breadth 550: square miles, 
325,000. Population, 3,000,000. 

Questions. 

How is Abyssinia bounded ? 

What is said of the climate ? 

What mountains are there in Abyssinia ? 

Describe the face of the country. 

What minerals are found in this country, and what is 
said of the great plain of salt ? 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

Namd the principal lake. 

What is said of the soil and productions ? 

Which is the principal city ? 

. What is said of the religion of the inhabitants? 


, and wheat is the principal 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


2?3 


What is said of the government ? 

What is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

Questions on the Map (Mys,), 

In what part of Abyssinia is the lake Dembea, and W'hat 
river flows from it ? 

How is Gondar situated ? 

Name the three towns situated on the caste;*n coast of 
Abyssinia. 


COUNTRIES SITUATED ON THE 
INDIAN OCEAN. 

These are Ajan, Adel and Zanguebar. 

Along the Zanguebar coast there are numerous 
petty kingdoms and states, most of which are 
held in subjection by the Portuguese. 

Towns . — The principal towns along the coast 
are Melinda, Quiloa, Magadoxo, Mozambique 
and Sofala. 

These countries are very imperfectly known 
to Europeans. 

Questions. 

What countries of Africa are situated on the coast of 
the Indian ocean ? 

What towns are situated along this coast ? 

Questions on the Map [East. Coast). 

Where is Cape Guardafui ? 

Is Berbera or Ajan more southerly ? 

Is Quiloa, Melinda or Magadoxo the more northerly r 

Where is Lake Maravi situated ? 

Where are the Lupata mountains? 

Is Cape Corientes or Delgado the more northerly ? 

Is Inhambane or Sofala the more northerly ^ 


224 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


SOUTHEllJK^ AFRICA. 

Southern Africa includes the colony of the 
Cape of Good Hope, and the country of the Hot- 
tentots and CalFres. 

The colony of the Cape of Good Hope was 
founded by the Dutch in 1660, but was taken by 
the British in 1806, to whom it still belongs. 

Mountains . — The principal mountains are the 
Nieuweldt and Zwarte Berg. 

Towns . — Cape Town is the principal. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are Great Fish, 
Sunday and Orange. 

Length 600 miles, breadth 200: square miles, 
120,000. Population, 81,000. 


COUNTRY OF THE HOTTENTOTS AND 

CAFFRES. 

The country of the Hottentots extends east- 
ward along the sea-coast from the Cape of Good 
Hope, and is bounded north by the Orange river. 

The country of the Caffres extends along the 
coast from the Great Fish river, which separates 
it from the colony of the Cape, to the Key’s river. 

The Hottentots and Caffres are mild, hospi- 
table and docile. 

They have been visited by Christian mission- 
aries, whose efforts in converting them to Chris- 
tianity, and improving their moral condition, 
have been eminently successful. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 2^5 

Questions, 

What countries are included in Southern Africa ? 

When and by whom was the colony of the Cape 
founded, and in what year did it fall into the hands of 
the English ? 

Name the principal mountains. 

W’hich is the chief town ? 

Name the principal rivers. 

\Viiat is the length, breadth, square miles, and popu- 
lation ? 

What is said of the country of the Hottentots and the 
country of the Caifres ? 

What is the character of the Hottentots and Caffres ? 

What has been the effect of the eflbrts of the Chris- 
tian missionaries sent among them ? 

Questions on the Map [S, Africa), 

Where is Cape Town situated ? 

What river flows towards the west? 

What noted cape is on the southern extremity of 
Africa ? 

Is the country of the Hottentots or Caffraria the more 
northerly ? 

Where is Leetakoo ? 


JVESTERJY AFRICA. 

On the Western Coast of Africa are the Great 
Desert, the country of the Foulahs and Jaloffs, 
Upper and Lower Guinea, and Cimberas. 

South of the empire of Morocco commences 
the Sahara or Great Desert, which extends with 
little interruption to the Nile. 

This vast desert of sand is very level, and 
abounds with salt. 


326 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


It is interspersed, at wide intervals, with oases 
or fertile spots, at which the caravans, which 
traverse the desert by the aid of camels, stop to 
refresh themselves and obtain a supply of water. 

Questions. 

What countries are situated on the Western Coast of 
Africa ? 

Where is the Sahara or Great Desert, and how far 
does it extend ? 

What other particulai’s are related respecting the 
Great Desert ? 


SENEGAMBTA. 

The country of the Foulahs and Jaloffs, or Se- 
negambia is situated between the river Gambia 
and the Great Desert. 

jRivm.— The Senegal and Gambia are the 
principal. 

Capes * — Cape Verde is the principal. 

Cities . — The chief cities are Bambouk and 
Medina. 

Questions. 

Describe the situation of Senegambia. 

Wnfilch are the principal rivers ? 

Which the principal cape ? 

Which are the chief cities i* 

Questions on the Map {Senegamhia). 

What town is situated at the mouth of the river Sc 
negal ? 

What course do the Senegal and Gambia flow, and to 
what clivsses do they belong ? 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 

What noted cape is situated on the coast between the 
Senegal and Gambia ? 

On what river is Bambouk ? 

What towns are situated on the river Gambia r 


UPPER GUINEA. 

South of the river Gambia commences the 
coast of Upper Guinea, which includes the King 
dom of Ashantee, Dahomy^, Benin and Biafra, 
the English colony at Sierra Leone and the 
American colony at the mouth of the river Me* 
surado. 

Rivers . — The principal rivers are Mesurado 
and the Rio Grande. 

Cities . — The principal cities in Upper Gui 
nea are Benin, Abomey and Elmina. 

(luestions. 

What countries are included in Upper Guinea? 

Which are the principal rivers? 

Name the principal cities. 

(luestions on the Map ( Upper Guinea), 

Is the British colony at SieiTa Leone, or the American 
at Cape ^Mesurado, the more northerly? 

How are Elmina and Cape Coast Castle situated ? 

Is Benin or Abomey the more westerly ? 

Is Freetown or Liberia the more southerly ? 


LOWER GUINEA. 

Lower Guinea includes Loango, Congo, An- 
gola and Benguela. 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Rivers , — The principal rivers are the Zaire 
and Bamberoque 

Cities , — The cities are St. Salvador and 
Loango. 

The Desert of Cimberaslies south of the river 
Bemberoque. 

Questions, 

"What countries does Lower Guinea include: 

Which are the principal rivers ? 

What cities are there in Lower Guinea ? 

Where is the Desert of Cimberas ? 

Questions on the Map [Lower Guinea), 

On what river is the city of St. Salvador situated, and to 
what class does it belong ? 

Name the small towns on the coast of Angola ? 

Is Cape Padroon or Lopez Gonsalvo the more north- 
erly ? 


mTERIOR AFRICA. 

Soudan or Nigritia is a general term, for that 
part of the Interior of Africa which lies north 
of the Mountains of the Moon. 

Civilized nations possess a very imperfect 
knowledge of Soudan or Nigritia, and that part 
of the Interior of Africa which lies south of the 
Mountains of the Moon is totally unknown. 

Soudan includes the kingdoms of Bainbarra, 
Tombuctoo, Houssa, Kassini, Bornou, and Dar- 
fur. 

Cities , — The chief cities are Sego, Tombuc- 
too, and Houssa. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


£29 


Questions. 

To what part of Africa is Soudan or Nigritia applied ? 

Have civilized nations an extensive knowledge of In- 
terior Africa north of the Mountains of the Moon ? 

What information do we possess respecting that por- 
tion of Interior Africa south of the Mountains of the 
Moon ? 

What countries does Soudan include ? 

What cities are there in Soudan? 

Questions on the Map (Soudan), 

Is Sego or Tombuctoo the more westerly? 

Is Kassini or Taurick the more northerly ? 

Where is the kingdom of Darfur situated ? 

^ What course does the Niger flow, and where is it sup- 
posed to empty ? 

In what direction, and how far do the Mountains of the 
Moon extend? 


AFRICAN ISLANDS. 

The principal islands near the Eastern Coast 
of Africa are Madagascar, Socotra, Commorro 
Isles, Mauritius, and Bourbon. 

Madagascar is one of the largest islands in 
the world, inhabited by a mixed race of Arabs 
and Negroes. Square miles, 230,000. Popula- 
tion, 4 millions. 

Socotra lies east of Cape Guardafui, and is 
inhabited by Arabs. 

The Commorro Isles are four in number; 
Great Commorro, Johanna, Mohilla and Mayotta, 

The Isle of Bourbon lies about 400 miles east 
of Madagascar; it belongs to Great Britain. 
Square miles, 2500. Population, 60,000. 

V 


230 


AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO 


Mauritius or the Isle of France, lies about 600 
miles east of Madagascar, and is now subject 
to Great Britain. Population, 70,000 

Questions* 

Name the islands situated off the Eastern Coast of 
Africa. 

What is said of Madagascar, what number of square 
miles does it contain, and what number of inhabitants 
has it ? 

What is said respecting the island of Socotra? 

Name the Commorro Isles? 

I’o what country does the Isle of Bourbon belong, and 
what number of square miles and population has it? 

To what nation does Mauritius belong, and what num 
ber of inhabitants has it ? 

Questions on the Map (African Islands). 

What channel separates Madagascar from the Conti- 
nent ? 

How are the Commorro Isles situated ? 

What capes are at the north and south extremities of 
Madagascar ? 

Where is the Island of Socotra situated ? 

Is the Isle of Bourbon or France the more northerly ? 


The principal islands near the Western Coast 
of Africa are the Madeiras, the Azores, Ca- 
naries, Cape Verd Isles, St. Helena, St. Ma- 
thews, and Ascension. 

The Azores arejnine in number: St. Maria, 
St. Michael, Tercera, Graciosa, St. George’s, 
Fayal, Pico, Flores, and Corvo. Population, 
160,000. 

The Azores are subject to Portugal. 

Madeira belongs to Portugal. Square miles, 
1100. Population, 90,000. 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 231 

✓ 

The Canaries are seven in number; Palma, 
Ferro, Gomera, Tenerifte, Canara, Fuertaven- 
tura, and Lancerota. Population, 196,000. 

The Canaries are subject to Spain. 

The Cape Verd Islands belong to Portugal, 
and are ten in number; St. Antonio, St. Vincent, 
St. Lucia, St. Nicholas, Sal, Bonavista, Mayo, St. 
Jago, Fuego, and Brava. Population, 100,000. 

St. Helena belongs to Great Britian, and has 
become noted by having been the prison of 
Napoleon Buonaparte. 

St. Mathews and Ascension are uninhabited, 

Questions. 

Name the principal islands near the Western Coast of 
Africa. 

Name the islands called the Azores, the country to 
which they are subject, and their population, 
if What is said of the island of Madeira, and what num- 
ber of square miles and population has it ? 

What islands compose the group called the Canaries, 
what is their population, and to what country are they 
subject ? 

Name the islands belonging to the group called the 
Cape Verd Isles, the country to which they are subject, 
and their population. 

To whom does St. Helena belong, and how has it be- 
come noted 

What is said of St. Mathews and Ascension ? 

Questions on the Map {African Islands), 

Are the Canary Islands or Azores the more northerly ? 

How is Madeira situated with respect to the Canaries? 

Are the Azores or Cape Verd Islands the more west- 
erly .«* 

What group of islands lies nearly west of Cape Verd ? 

What is the latitude and longitude of St. Helena? 


AN EASY INIP.OEUCTION TO 




Table of Mountains, Rivers and Cities in 
Jlfrica, arranged in Classes, with their re- 
spective elevation, length and population an- 
nexed. 


AFRICAN MOUNTAINS. 


FEET. 

I 5 ?, 2d, and 3d Classes, 
None. 

Fourth Class, 

Geesh Vol. Abys. 15000 

Mount Atlas 13000 

Peak of Teneriffe 12176 

Fifth Class. 

Snow Mts., S. Afric. 10000 


FEET, 

Gros Morne, Isle^ 9600 
Bourbon 5 

Vole. Duida, Gui.^ 

Mts. of Gondar 3 
Vole., Isle Bourbon 7680 


8400 


Sixth Class. 

Table Mt., S. Afrie. 3500 
Diana’s Peak, St. 7 
Helena 5 


AFRICAN RIVERS. 


MILES. 

First Class, 

Niger, probably 2500 

Nile 2000 

Second Class, 

Zaire, probably 7 

Senegal 3 


Third Class. 


Orange 

Gambia 

Cuama- 


800 


Gaurltz 

Hawasli 


MILES. 

? 500 


Fourth Class. 


Bembaroque 

Olipliant’s 

Mesurado 


400 

} “ 


Fifth Class, 

Rio Grande 250 


Sixth Class. 
Sierra Leone River 


150 


THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY. 


233 


AFRICAN CITIES, 


INHAB S. 


First Class. 


None, 


Second Class. 


Cairo 

Algiers 


300000 

200000 


Third Class, 


Sennaar 

Constantina 

Fez 

Meqiiinez 

T'unis 


1 

V. 

J 


Siooooo 


Fourth Class. 

Iloussa, probably 75000 

Toinbuctoo, prob. 60000 
Gondar 50000 


Fifth Class, 


Daraietta 
St. Salvador 
Morocco 
Sego 
Si out 

'Fariidant, Mor. 


^ 25000 


40000 


30000 


INHAB S. 


Sixth Class. 


Abomey 
Mourzook 
Oran 

Alexandria 
Port Louis, Mauri. J 
Cape Town 
Tripoli 
Tangiers 
I.oango 
Elmina 
Rosetta 
Saffi, Mor. 

Sallee 
Mogadore 


1 


1 

J 


24000 

20000 

17000 

15000 

12000 

10000 


LARGE TOWNS. 

Lagune Tenerille 9000 

Leetakoo ^ ftooo 

Cape Coast Castle 5 
Cobbe 6000 

St. Louis, Sen. Coast 5300 

SMALL TOWNS. 

Free Town, S. Leone 4785 
Larache or El Ariche, 
Morocco 3000 

Mosambique 2800 


TABLE 


OF THE 

PRINCIPAL PLACES IN THE WORLD, 


With their Latitudes and Longitudes from London, 


Places, 

Countnes, 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Abbeville 

France 

50^ 

r 

N 

1° 

55' 

E 

Aberdeen 

Scotland 

57 

9 


2 

8 


Abo 

Finland 

60 

28 


22 

7 

E 

Acapulco 

Mexico 

16 

50 


101 

20 


Adrianople 

Turkey 

44 

10 


23 

20 

E 

Aleppo 

do. 

36 

11 


37 

16 


Alexandria 

Egypt 

31 

16 


30 

5 


Alg*ier 

Algier 

36 

49 


3 

30 


Amiens 

France 

49 

54 


2 

18 


Amsterdam 

Holland 

52 

25 


4 

40 


Antwerp 

France 

51 

14 


4 

22 


Archangel 

Russia 

64 

34 


47 

48 


Astracan 

do. 

46 

21 


47 

44 


Athens 

Greece 

38 

2 


23 

53 


Babylon (ancient) 

Turkev 

32 

29 


.43 

47 

E 

Bagdad 

do. 

33 

20 


44 

24 


Balasore 

Hindostan 

21 

31 


87 

13 


Barcelona 

Spain 

41 

22 


2 

10 


Basle 

Swisserland 

47 

40 


7 

31 


Bassora 

Turkey 

30 

32 


44 

46 


Batavia 

Java 

6 

10 

S 

106 

51 


Bath 

England 

51 

42 

N 

2 

21 

W 

Bayonne 

France 

43 

29 


1 

24 


Belfast 

Ireland 

v54 

35 


5 

46 


Belgrade 

Turkey 

44 

43 


20 

10 

E 

Bencoolen 

Sumatra 

3 

49 

S 

102 

16 


Bergen 

Norway 

60 

10 

N 

7 

14 


Berlin 

Prussia 

52 

32 


13 

oo 



PRINCIPAL PLACES IN THE WORLD. 


235 


Places. 

Countries. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Berne 

Swisserland 

46° 56' N 

7° 26' E 

Biiboa 

Spain 

43 14 

2 42 W 

Birming-liam 

England 

52 30 

1 50 

Bologna 

Italy 

44 30 

11 21 E 

Bombay 

Hindostan 

18 58 

72 38 

Botany Bay 

New Holland 

34 00 S 

151 21 

Bordeaux 

France 

44 50 N 

34 W 

Bremen 

Germany 

53 5 

8 48 

Breslaw 

Silesia 

51 6 

17 2 E 

Brest 

France 

48 23 

4 29 W 

Bristol 

England 

51 28 

2 40 

Brussels 

Netherlands 

50 51 

4 22 E 

Buda 

Hungary 

47 30 

19 2 

Buenos Ayres 

U. P. La Plata 

34 35 S 

57 24 \7 

Cadiz 

Spain 

36 32 N 

6 17 

Caen 

France 

49 11 

22 

Cagliara 

Sardinia 

39 13 

9 6 E 

Cairo 

Egypt 

30 2 

31 20 

Calais 

France 

50 57 

1 51 

Calcutta 

Hindostan 

22 34 

88 23 

Cam bray 

France 

50 11 

3 14 

Cambridge 

England 

51 12 

9 

Candia 

Mediter. Sea 

35 16 

25 4 

Canterbury 

England 

51 16 

1 7 

Canton 

China 

23 7 

113 14 

Cape Clear 

Ireland 

51 23 

9 24 W 

Cape Farewell 

Greenland 

59 37 

42 42 

Cape Finisterre 

Spain 

42 56 

9 13 

Cape of Good Hope 

Africa 

34 29 

18 23 E 

Cape la Hogue 

France 

49 45 

1 57 W 

Cape Horn 

S. America 

55 58 S 

67 46 

Cape Sable 

East Florida 

24 57 N 

80 30 

Cape St. Roque 

Brasil 

5 3 S 

35 45 

Cape St, Vincent 

Portugal 

37 2 N 

8 59 

Cape Verd 

Africa 

14 48 

17 31 

Carlisle 

England 

54 50 

3 5 

Carthagena 

Spain 

37 36 

1 0 


‘^36 


PRINCIPAL PLACES IN THE WORLD. 


Places, 

1 

Countries. 

Latitude. 

Longitude, 

Carthagena 

S. America 

10° 30' N 

77° 50'W 

Cassel 

Germany 

51 19 

9 35 E 

Cayenne 

S. America 

5 00 

52 16 W 

Ceuta 

Morocco 

35 38 

5 11 

Cherbourg 

France 

49 38 

1 37 

Chester 

England 

53 11 

3 4 

Christiana 

Norway 

59 55 

10 49 E 

Constance 

Baden 

47 36 

9 8 

Constantinople 

Turkey 

41 00 

28 56 

Copenhagen 

Denmark 

55 41 

12 35 

Cork 

Ireland 

51 40 

8 30 W 

Cracow 

Poland 

50 4 

19 57 E 

Curazao 

West Indies 

11 56 

69 00 W 

Damascus 

Syria 

33 30 

36 30 

Dantzic 

Prussia 

54 21 

18 39 

Delhi 

Hindostan 

28 43 

77 9 E 

Derby 

England 

52 58 

1 25 W 

Dover 

do. 

51 6 

1 19 E 

Dresden 

Germany 

51 2 

13 43 

Dublin 

Ireland 

53 21 

6 15 W 

Dundee 

Scotland 

56 29 

3 3 

Dunkirk 

France 

51 2 

2 22 E 

Durham 

England 

54 54 

1 33 W 

Edinburgh 

Scotland 

55 58 

3 12 

Elsinore 

Denmark 

56 2 

12 37 E 

Erzerum 

A. Turkey 

39 57 

40 57 

Falmouth 

England 

50 9 

5 4 W 

Fayal 

Azores 

38 31 

28 41 

Ferro Isle 

Canaries 

27 47 

17 40 

Ferrol 

Spain 

43 29 

8 11 

Fez 

Morocco 

33 50 

5 20 

Florence 

Italy 

43 47 

11 16 E 

Frangois, Cape 

St. Domingo 

19 46 

72 16 W 

Frankfort 

Germany 

50 7 

8 36 E 

Funchal 

Madeira 

32 38 

17 6 W 

Geneva 

Swisserland 

46 12 

6 9 E 

Genoa 

Italy 

44 S5 

8 58 


PRINCIPAL PLACES IN THE WORLD. 


i237 


Places, 

Countries, 

Latitude, 

Longitude, 

Ghent 

Netherlands 

51° 3' N 

3° 44' K 

Gibraltar 

Spain 

36 7 

5 19 W 

Glasgow 

Scotland 

55 52 

4 16 

Goa 

Hindostan 

15 30 

73 57 E 

Gottenburg 

Sweden 

57 42 

11 57 

Gratz 

Germany 

47 4 

15 26 

Greenock 

Scotland 

55 57 

19 W 

Greenwich 

England 

51 29 

1st merid. 

Grenada Island 

West Indies 

12 00 

61 40 

Hague 

Netherlands 

52 4 

4 18 E 

Halifax 

Nova Scotia 

44 44 

63 35 W 

Hamburg 

Germany 

53 33 

9 59 E 

Hanover 

do. 

52 22 

9 42 

Havana 

Cuba 

23 9 

82 23 W 

Havre de Grace 

France 

49 29 

10 E 

Holyhead 

Wales 

53 12 

4 38 W 

Hull 

England 

53 45 

16 

Inverness 

Scotland 

57 30 

4 5 W 

Ispahan 

Persia 

32 25 

52 50 E 

Ivica Isle 

Medit. Sea 

38 53 

4 29 

Jaffa 

Syria 

32 5 

34 53 

Jeddo 

Japan 

36 30 

140 00 

Jerusalem 

Palestine 

31 48 

35 20 

Kingston 

Jamaica 

18 00 

76 33 W 

Koningsberg 

Prussia 

54 42 

20 29 E 

Lancaster 

England 

54 3 

2 47 W 

I.ausanne 

Swisserland 

46 31 

6 45 E 

Leeds 

England 

53 48 

1 34 W 

Leghorn 

Italy 

43 33 

10 16 E 

Leipsic 

Saxony 

51 20 

12 21 

Leyden 

Holland 

52 9 

4 29 

Lima 

Peru 

12 3 S 

77 8 W 

Limerick 

Ireland 

52 36 N 

8 31 

Lisbon 

Portugal 

38 42 

9 9 

Idsle 

France 

50 37 

3 4 E 

Liverpool 

England 

53 25 

2 59 W 

London 

do. 

51 31 

6 


iS8 


PRINCIPAL PLACES IN THE WORLD. 


.Placed. 

Countries, 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

I^ondonderry 

Ireland 

55° V N 

7° 15'W 

Louisbourg' 

Cape Breton 

45 55 

59 50 

Liibec 

Germany 

53 51 

10 50 E 

T^ucia, St. 

West Indies 

13 24 

60 51 W 

L.uneville 

France 

48 36 

6 34 E 

I.iuxembourg' 

Netherlands 

49 37 

6 9 

liyons 

France 

45 45 

4 49 

Macao 

China 

‘22 10 

113 32 

Madeira Island 

Atlantic 

32 37 

17 6 W 

Madras 

India 

13 5 

80 25 E 

Madrid 

Spain 

40 25 

3 33 W 

Majorca Island 

Medit, Sea 

39 35 

2 30 E 

Malaga 

Spain 

36 43 

4 25 W 

Malta Island 

Medit. Sea 

35 54 

14 28 E 

Manchester 

England 

53 33 

2 16 W 

Manilla 

Is. Luzon 

14 38 

120 54 E 

Mantua 

Italy 

45 20 

10 46 

Marseilles 

France 

43 18 

5 22 

Martinico Island 

West Indies 

14 36 

61 5 W 

Mary’s, St. 

Azores 

36 56 

25 4 

Mecca 

Arabia 

21 18 

41 15 E 

Medina 

do. 

25 00 

39 33 

Messina 

Sicily 

38 11 

15 48 

Mexico 

N. America 

19 26 

99 5 W 

Milan 

Italy 

45 28 

9 12 E 

Minorca Island 

Medit. Sea 

39 51 

3 54 

Modena 

Italy 

44 34 

11 12 

Montevideo 

Brasil 

34 55 S 

56 14 W 

Montpellier 

France 

43 36 N 

3 52 E 

Montreal 

Canada 

45 31 

73 35 W 

Montserrat 

West Indies 

16 47 

61 6 

Morocco 

Morocco 

30 57 

7 00 

Moscow 

Russia 

55 46 

37 33 E 

Munich 

Germany 

48 8 

11 35 

Namur 

Netherlands 

50 29 

4 51 

Nankin 

China 

32 4 

118 34 

Nantes 

France 

47 13 

1 22 


PRINCIPAL PLACES IN THE WORLD. 


239 


Places. 

Countries. 

Latitude, 

Longitude. 

Naples 

Italy 

40° 50' N 

14° 15' K 

Newcastle 

England 

54 58 

1 37 W 

Nortli Cape 

Norway 

n 11 

25 1 E 

Norwich 

England 

52 38 

1 17 

Oliiuitz 

Bohemia 

49 33 

17 9 

Oporto 

Portugal 

41 9 

8 9 H 

Orleans 

France 

47 54 

1 54 E 

Ostend 

Netlierlands 

51 14 

2 55 

Otaheite 

Pacific Ocean 

19 29 S 

149 35 W 

Owhyhee 

do. 

19 10 N 

155 00 

Oxford 

England 

51 45 

1 16 

Padua 

Italy 

45 24 

11 42 E 

Palermo 

Sicily 

38 6 

13 29 

Palmyra 

Turkey, A. 

34 29 

38 48 

Panama 

Rep. Colombia 

9 00 

79 19 W 

Ihiramaribo 

Surinam 

5 48 

55 11 

Paris 

France 

48 51 

2 20 E 

Pekin 

China 

39 55 

116 28 

Pensacola 

West Florida 

30 25 

87 00 W 

Perth 

Scotland 

56 22 

3 27 

Petersburg'!! 

Russia 

59 56 

30 19 E 

Pico 

Azores 

38 29 

28 26 

Placentia 

Newfoundland 

47 26 

55 00 

Plymouth 

England 

50 23 

4 7 

Pondicherry 

Hindustan 

11 56 

79 58 E 

Porto Bello 

Rep. Colombia 

10 27 

79 26 

Portsmoutli 

England 

50 47 

1 6 

Prague 

Germany 

50 5 

14 25 E 

Presbui’g 

Hungary 

48 8 

17 10 

Quebec 

Canada 

46 50 

71 10 W 

Quito 

Peru 

13 S 

78 10 

Riga 

Russia 

56 57 N 

24 7 E 

Tlio Janeiro 

Brazil 

22 54 S 

42 44 W 

Rochelle 

France 

46 9 N 

1 9 

Rome 

Italy 

41 54 

12 29 E 

Rotterdam 

Holland 

51 55 

4 29 

Rouen 

France 

49 26 

1 6 


£40 PRINCIPAL PLACES IN THE WORLD* 


Places. 

Countries. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Santa Cruz 

West Indies 

17° 38' N 

64° 35'W 

Santa Fe 

N. Mexico 

36 50 

108 48 

Santa Fe de Bogota 

R. Colombia 

5 24 

74 7 

St. Augustine 

East Florida 

29 45 

81 30 

St, Helena 

Atlantic 

15 5 S 

5 47 

St. Jago 

Chili 

33 30 

76 46 

St. John’s 

Newfoundland 

47 35 N 

52 26 

St. Kitts 

West Indies 

17 15 

62 49 

Samarcand 

Indep. Tartary 

39 37 

64 9 E 

Seringapatam 

Hindustan 

12 26 

76 51 

Seville 

Spain 

37 24 

5 39 W 

Siam 

India 

14 5 

100 23 E 

Smyrna 

Turkey 

38 29 

27 5 

Stockholm 

Sweden 

59 21 

18 4 

Suez 

Arabia 

30 00 

32 35 

Surat 

Hindustan 

21 12 

72 49 

TeneiifTe 

Canary Islands 

28 18 

16 45 W 

Tobago 

West Indies 

11 10 

60 00 

Tobolsk 

Siberia 

58 11 

68 14 E 

Toledo 

Spain 

39 56 

4 18 W 

Tombuctoo 

Africa 

16 29 

1 30 E 

Toulon 

France 

43 7 

6 00 ■ 

I'oulouse 

do. 

43 35 

1 32 

Trieste 

Austria 

45 53 

13 57 

Trinidad 

West Indies 

10 00 

61 30 W 

Trincomaly 

Ceylon Island 

8 33 

81 24 E 

Tripoli 

Tripoli 

34 28 

13 5 

Tunis 

Tunis 

36 44 

10 20 

Turin 

Italy 

45 4 

7 40 

Ushant 

France 

48 29 

5 5 W 

Utrecht 

Netherlands 

52 6 

5 11 E 

Valencia 

Spain 

39 27 

27 W 

Valenciennes 

France 

51 20 

3 36 E 

Valette 

Malta 

35 54 

14 28 

Valparaiso 

Chili 

33 3 S 

72 16 W 

Venice 

Italy 

45 28 N 

12 18 E 

Vera Cruz 

Mexico 

19 5 

97 26 W 


PRINCIPAL PLACES IN THE U. STATES, 241 


Places^ 

Countries, 

Latitude, 

Longitude, 

Verona 

Italy 

45° 26' N 

8° 9' E 

Versailles 

France 

48 39 

2 11 

Vienna 

Austria 

48 13 

16 23 

Vincent, Cape St. 

Portugal 

37 2 

8 59 W 

Warsaw 

Poland 

52 12 

21 9 E 

Wilna 

do. 

54 41 

25 18 

Wurtzburg 

Franconia 

49 50 

9 59 

York 

England 

54 00 

1 00 W 

York 

Upper Canada 

43 35 

79 20 

Zurich 

Swisserland 

47 18 

8 25 E 


PRINCIPAL PLACES IN THE UNITED 

STATES, 

With the LongiUide from Washmgton, 


Places, 

States, 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Albany 

New York 

42° 38' N 

3° 12' E 

Alexandria 

Distr. Columb. 

38 48 

3 W 

Annapolis 

Maryland 

38 58 

35 E 

Augusta 

Georgia 

33 17 

5 00 W 

Balize 

Louisiana 

29 12 

12 14 

Baltimore 

Maryland 

39 18 

29 E 

Boston 

Massacliusetts 

42 23 

5 56 

Buffalo 

New York 

42 55 

1 42 W 

Burlington 

Vermont 

44 26 

3 46 E 

Cape Cod 

Massachusetts 

42 4 

6 45 

Cape Fear 

N. Carolina 

33 46 

1 8 W 

Cape Charles 

Virginia 

37 16 

1 9 E 

Cape Hatteras 

N. Carolina 

35 3 

1 15 

Cape Henlopen 

Delaware 

38 46 

1 57 

Cape Henry 

Virginia 

37 00 

1 2 

Cape Lookout 

N. Carolina 

34 20 

13 

Cape May 

New Jersey 

38 58 

2 14 


X 


242 


PRINCIPAL PLACES IN THE U. STATES. 


Places, 

States, 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Charleston 

South Carolina 

32° 47' N 

2° 43' W 

Chilicothe 

Ohio 

39 14 

5 46 

Cincinnati 

do. 

39 6 

7 41 

Columbia 

South Carolina 

33 58 

4 12 

Cfolumbus 

Ohio 

39 57 

6 8 

Concord 

New Hampsh. 

43 12 

5 25 E 

Corydon 

Indiana 

38 14 

8 54 W 

Detroit 

Michigan Ter. 

42 25 

6 00 

Dover 

Delaware 

39 10 

1 31 E 

Eastport 

Maine 

44 54 

9 55 

Edenton 

N. Carolina 

36 6 

13 

Erie 

Pennsylvania 

42 8 

3 2 W 

Fort Stoddart 

Alabama Ter. 

31 10 

10 57 

Frankfort 

Kentucky 

38 15 

7 45 

Fredericktown 

Maryland 

39 24 

20 

Georgetown 

Distr. Columb. 

38 52 

3 

Georgetown 

South Carolina 

33 23 

2 24 

Harrisburg 

Pennsylvania 

40 16 

15 E 

Hartford 

Connecticut 

41 45 

4 11 

Hudson 

New York 

42 14 

3 14 

Kaskaskia 

Illinois 

37 59 

12 40 W 

Knoxville 

Tennessee 

35 50 

7 5 

Lan aster 

Pennsylvania 

40 3 

35 E 

Lexington 

Kentucky 

38 6 

8 13 AV 

Louisville 

Kentucky 

38 10 

8 43 

Milledgeville 

Georgia 

32 56 

6 17 

M‘Minnville 

Tennessee 

35 40 

9 5 

Mobile 

Alabama Ter. 

30 41 

10 58 

Montauk Point 

New York 

41 2 

4 59 E 

Montpelier 

V'ermont 

44 17 

4 15 

Nashville 

Tennessee 

36 4 

10 10 AA' 

Natchez 

Mississippi 

31 33 

14 25 

Newark 

New Jersey 

40 45 

2 50 E 

Newbern 

N. Carolina 

35 20 

0 30 AV 

New Brunswick 

New Jersey 

40 30 

2 24 K 

Newburyport j 

Massachusetts 

42 49 

6 8 

Newhaven 

Connecticut 

41 18 

4 00 


PRINCIPAL PLACES IN THE U. STATES. 9.46 


Places. 

States, 

Latitude. 

Longitude, 

New l.ondou 

Connecticut 

41° 25' N 

4^ 43' K 

New Orleans 

Louisiana 

L'9 57 

13 13 W 

Newport 

Rhode Island 

41 30 

5 37 E 

New York 

New York 

40 43 

2 54 

Petersburg* 

Virginia 

37 12 

36 W 

Philadelphia 

Pennsylvania 

39 57 

1 57 E 

Pittsburg 

do. 

40 32 

3 13 W 

Portsmouth 

N. Hampshire 

43 5 

6 10 E 

Portland 

Maine 

43 39 

6 36 

Providence 

Rhode Island 

41 51 

5 45 

Kaleigh 

N. Carolina 

35 44 

1 53 W 

Richmond 

Virginia 

37 36 

36 

SacketPs Harbour 

New York 

43 56 

1 55 E 

St. Charles 

Missouri 

38 40 

13 14 W 

St. Genevieve 

do. 

37 54 

12 40 

St. Louis 

do. 

38 36 

13 3 

Salem 

Massachusetts 

42 30 

6 5 E 

Sandy Hook 

New Jersey 

40 30 

2 53 

Savannah 

Georgia 

32 8 

4 15 W 

Trenton 

New Jersey 

40 13 

2 4 E 

Utica 

New York 

46 3 

1 42 

Vincennes 

Indiana 

38 35 

10 18 W 

Washington 

Dist. Columb. 

38 53 

00 00 

Wilmington 

Delaware 

39 43 

1 30 E 

Wilmington 

N. Carolina 

34 8 

1 20 W 

Worcester 

Massachusetts 

42 19 

5 4 E 

Zanesville 

Ohio 

39 58 

5 8 W 













■- »• 








I 





